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Biblical History Atlas

Chronology

Historical timeline

Every position on this timeline is computed by the project's chronology engine from biblical statements, sourced reign anchors and the selected chronology model. Switching the model re-plots everything. Uncertainty windows are shown as ranges, never as single dates.

Active model: Thiele (1983) divided-monarchy chronology · showing 869 BC – 86 BC

Reigns and events as computed uncertainty windows. The same data is listed in the table below.801 BC701 BC601 BC501 BC401 BC301 BC201 BC101 BCJudahUzziahJehoiakimZedekiahJosiahJehoiachinIsraelJeroboam IINeo-Babylonian EmpireNebuchadnezzar IINabonidusAmēl-Marduk (Evil-merodach)Egypt (Twenty-sixth Dynasty)Nothing dated under this modelAchaemenid Persian EmpireCyrus II (the Great)Artaxerxes I (Longimanus)Darius I (the Great)Xerxes IMedian kingdom (Media)Nothing dated under this modelMacedonian empire of Alexander the GreatNothing dated under this modelSeleucid empireAntiochus IV EpiphanesRome (Republic and Empire)Nothing dated under this modelPtolemaic kingdom (Egypt)Nothing dated under this modelEdomNothing dated under this modelAssyriaNot yet researchedGreeceNot yet researchedBiblical eventsAmos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1)The earthquake in the days of UzziahBattle of Carchemish (605 BC)Training of Judean youths at the Babylonian court (Dan 1:3–7, 17–20)Nebuchadnezzar's campaign against Jerusalem in Jehoiakim's third year (Dan 1:1–2)Daniel's refusal of the king's food and the ten-day test (Dan 1:8–16)The word to Jeremiah in Jehoiakim's fourth year, Nebuchadnezzar's first (Jer 25:1–14)Nebuchadnezzar's dream and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 2:1–45)Daniel appointed over the province of Babylon (Dan 2:46–49)Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7)Nebuchadnezzar's decree honouring the God of the three Judeans (Dan 3:28–30)The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27)Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the great tree and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 4:4–27)Nebuchadnezzar's boast, madness and restoration (Dan 4:28–37)Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31)Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall (Dan 5:1–29)Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC)Daniel continues until the first year of King Cyrus (Dan 1:21)The thirty-day decree and Daniel in the lions' den (Dan 6:4–23)Darius appoints 120 satraps and three chief officials (Dan 6:1–3, 28)The accusers punished; Darius's decree honouring the God of Daniel (Dan 6:24–27)Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7)Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8)Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8)Hanani's report at Susa and Nehemiah's prayer (Chislev, Artaxerxes's 20th year)Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5)The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15)Darius I confirms Cyrus's decree and orders the Temple completed (Ezra 6:1–12)Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27)Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19)Artaxerxes' decree to Ezra in his seventh year (Ezra 7)Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1)Desecration of the Temple: the "abomination of desolation" (15 Chislev 145 SE, 168/167 BC)Popillius Laenas orders Antiochus IV out of Egypt at Eleusis (168 BC)Rededication of the Temple by Judas Maccabaeus (25 Chislev 148 SE, 165/164 BC)The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13)Nebuchadnezzar installs Mattaniah as King Zedekiah (2 Kgs 24:17–20)Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC)Evil-merodach (Amēl-Marduk) releases Jehoiachin (561 BC)Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26)Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year)Jehoiakim submits to Nebuchadnezzar for three years, then rebels (2 Kgs 24:1–4)The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year)The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year)Death of Jehoiakim and the three-month reign of Jehoiachin (2 Kgs 24:5–9)Necho II deposes Jehoahaz and installs Jehoiakim (609 BC)The deportation of Nebuchadnezzar's twenty-third year (Jer 52:30)Cyrus returns the Temple vessels to Sheshbazzar; the first return (Ezra 1:5–11)The Passover of Josiah's eighteenth yearTemple repairs and the finding of the book of the law (Josiah's 18th year)Josiah desecrates Jeroboam's altar at Bethel and the high places of SamariaJosiah's covenant and the purge of Jerusalem and JudahJosiah's delegation consults Huldah the prophetessJosiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC)Josiah seeks God (8th year) and begins to purge Judah and Israel (12th year) — ChroniclesThe altar rebuilt in Jerusalem and the Feast of Booths kept (Ezra 3:1–7)The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2)The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13)Tattenai governor of Beyond the River inquires and writes to Darius (Ezra 5:3–17)Haggai and Zechariah stir the people; the Temple work resumes (Darius's second year, 520 BC)Opposition from the people of the land; the Temple work ceases until Darius's second year (Ezra 4:1–5, 24)Accusations to Ahasuerus and the Rehum–Shimshai letter to Artaxerxes; the city's rebuilding stopped (Ezra 4:6–23)The returned exiles keep the Passover after the Temple's dedication (Ezra 6:19–22)Haggai's oracles of 24/IX, Darius year 2: "from this day I will bless you"; Zerubbabel the signetHaggai's oracle on the latter glory of the house (21/VII, Darius year 2)Zechariah's first oracle: the call to return (8th month, Darius year 2)Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8)Crowns made from the exiles' gifts and set on Joshua; the oracle of the Branch (Zech 6:9–15)The Bethel delegation and the question of fasting; Zechariah's answer (4/IX, Darius year 4)Ezra's caravan from the Ahava to Jerusalem (Ezra 7:7–10; 8)The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10)Nehemiah arrives, inspects the walls by night and calls for rebuilding (Neh 2:9–20)The rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall and gates, section by section (Neh 3)Mockery, threats and the armed builders (Neh 4)The debt crisis and the remission of pledges (Neh 5:1–13)Plots against Nehemiah: Ono, the open letter, Shemaiah (Neh 6:1–14)The wall completed on 25 Elul after fifty-two days (Neh 6:15–19)Nehemiah's first governorship: twelve years, 20th–32nd year of Artaxerxes (445–433 BC)Jerusalem guarded under Hanani and Hananiah; the registry of the first returnees found (Neh 7:1–5)Ezra reads the Law on the first day of the seventh month (Neh 7:73b–8:12)The Feast of Booths kept "as it is written" (Neh 8:13–18)The sealed covenant to keep the law and support the temple (Neh 9:38–10:39)The fast of the twenty-fourth day and the Levites' confession (Neh 9)Nehemiah's return and second-term reforms (Neh 13:4–31)Jerusalem repopulated: one in ten by lot (Neh 11)The dedication of the wall of Jerusalem (Neh 12:27–13:3)The priestly and Levitical registers to the days of Jaddua (Neh 12:1–26)The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection)The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection)Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC)Mordecai uncovers the plot of Bigthan and Teresh (Esth 2:19–23)Esther made queen in Tebeth of Xerxes's seventh year (Esth 2:1–18; winter 479/478 BC)Ahasuerus's third-year feast at Susa and the deposing of Vashti (Esth 1; 483/482 BC)Mordecai mourns; Esther resolves to go to the king (Esth 4)Haman casts pur and the decree against the Jews (Esth 3; Nisan 474 BC)Esther before the king; the first banquet; Haman's gallows (Esth 5)The sleepless king; Mordecai honoured by Haman (Esth 6)The institution of Purim; Mordecai second to the king (Esth 9:20–10:3)The Jews defend themselves on 13–14 Adar (Esth 9:1–19; 473 BC)Mordecai's counter-decree of 23 Sivan (Esth 8; June 474 BC)The second banquet; Haman hanged (Esth 7)Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV defeats Antiochus III (217 BC)Battle of Panium: Antiochus III defeats Scopas (c. 200–198 BC)Battle of Magnesia: Rome defeats Antiochus III (190 BC)Assassination of Seleucus IV and accession of Antiochus IV (175 BC)Death of Antiochus IV at Tabae in Persia (164 BC)

Solid bars: the span the model treats as within the reign. Light ends: uncertainty about when it began or ended. Hatched spans: the whole window in which an event may fall. No single date is implied.

Select a bar to see how its range was derived.

All items under this model

ItemLaneComputed rangePrecision
Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1)Biblical events792 BC – 753 BCreign
UzziahJudah792 BC – 791 BC → 740 BC – 739 BCyear
Jeroboam IIIsrael793 BC → 753 BCyear
The earthquake in the days of UzziahBiblical events791 BC – 750 BCreign
Battle of Carchemish (605 BC)Biblical events605 BCmonth
JehoiakimJudah609 BC → 598 BC – 597 BCreign
Training of Judean youths at the Babylonian court (Dan 1:3–7, 17–20)Biblical events608 BC – 602 BCregnal_year
Nebuchadnezzar's campaign against Jerusalem in Jehoiakim's third year (Dan 1:1–2)Biblical events608 BC – 605 BCregnal_year
Daniel's refusal of the king's food and the ten-day test (Dan 1:8–16)Biblical events608 BC – ?period
The word to Jeremiah in Jehoiakim's fourth year, Nebuchadnezzar's first (Jer 25:1–14)Biblical events605 BC – 604 BCregnal_year
Nebuchadnezzar IINeo-Babylonian Empire605 BC → 562 BCmonth
Nebuchadnezzar's dream and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 2:1–45)Biblical events604 BC – 602 BCregnal_year
Daniel appointed over the province of Babylon (Dan 2:46–49)Biblical events604 BC – 602 BCregnal_year
Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7)Biblical events604 BC – ?regnal_year
Nebuchadnezzar's decree honouring the God of the three Judeans (Dan 3:28–30)Biblical events604 BC – ?period
The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27)Biblical events604 BC – ?period
Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the great tree and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 4:4–27)Biblical events605 BC – 563 BCreign
Nebuchadnezzar's boast, madness and restoration (Dan 4:28–37)Biblical events604 BC – 562 BCreign
Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31)Biblical events539 BCday
Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall (Dan 5:1–29)Biblical events539 BCreign
Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC)Biblical events539 BCday
Daniel continues until the first year of King Cyrus (Dan 1:21)Biblical events538 BC – 537 BCregnal_year
Cyrus II (the Great)Achaemenid Persian Empire539 BC → 530 BCday
NabonidusNeo-Babylonian Empire556 BC → 539 BCday
The thirty-day decree and Daniel in the lions' den (Dan 6:4–23)Biblical events539 BC – ?undated
Darius appoints 120 satraps and three chief officials (Dan 6:1–3, 28)Biblical events539 BC – ?undated
The accusers punished; Darius's decree honouring the God of Daniel (Dan 6:24–27)Biblical events539 BC – ?undated
Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7)Biblical events? – 539 BCundated
Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8)Biblical events? – 539 BCreign
Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8)Biblical events446 BC – 444 BCregnal_year
Artaxerxes I (Longimanus)Achaemenid Persian Empire465 BC – 464 BC → 424 BC – 423 BCday
Hanani's report at Susa and Nehemiah's prayer (Chislev, Artaxerxes's 20th year)Biblical events447 BC – 445 BCregnal_year
Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5)Biblical events538 BC – 537 BCregnal_year
The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15)Biblical events516 BC – 515 BCregnal_year
Darius I (the Great)Achaemenid Persian Empire522 BC – 521 BC → 486 BCday
Darius I confirms Cyrus's decree and orders the Temple completed (Ezra 6:1–12)Biblical events520 BC – 515 BCundated
Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27)Biblical events539 BC – 536 BCundated
Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19)Biblical events539 BC – 536 BCundated
Artaxerxes' decree to Ezra in his seventh year (Ezra 7)Biblical events459 BC – 457 BCundated
Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1)Biblical events536 BC – 535 BCregnal_year
Desecration of the Temple: the "abomination of desolation" (15 Chislev 145 SE, 168/167 BC)Biblical events168 BC – 166 BCmonth
Popillius Laenas orders Antiochus IV out of Egypt at Eleusis (168 BC)Biblical events168 BCyear
Rededication of the Temple by Judas Maccabaeus (25 Chislev 148 SE, 165/164 BC)Biblical events165 BC – 163 BCmonth
The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13)Biblical events536 BC – 535 BCregnal_year
Nebuchadnezzar installs Mattaniah as King Zedekiah (2 Kgs 24:17–20)Biblical events597 BCday
Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC)Biblical events597 BCday
Evil-merodach (Amēl-Marduk) releases Jehoiachin (561 BC)Biblical events562 BC – 561 BCmonth
Amēl-Marduk (Evil-merodach)Neo-Babylonian Empire562 BC → 560 BCday
Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26)Biblical events589 BC – ?undated
Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year)Biblical events589 BC – 584 BCregnal_year
Jehoiakim submits to Nebuchadnezzar for three years, then rebels (2 Kgs 24:1–4)Biblical events605 BC – 597 BCundated
The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year)Biblical events589 BC – 585 BCregnal_year
The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year)Biblical events590 BC – 587 BCregnal_year
ZedekiahJudah597 BC → 587 BC – 586 BCyear
Death of Jehoiakim and the three-month reign of Jehoiachin (2 Kgs 24:5–9)Biblical events598 BCmonth
Necho II deposes Jehoahaz and installs Jehoiakim (609 BC)Biblical events609 BCreign
The deportation of Nebuchadnezzar's twenty-third year (Jer 52:30)Biblical events582 BC – 581 BCregnal_year
Cyrus returns the Temple vessels to Sheshbazzar; the first return (Ezra 1:5–11)Biblical events538 BC – 530 BCundated
The Passover of Josiah's eighteenth yearBiblical events625 BC – 619 BCundated
JosiahJudah641 BC – 639 BC → 609 BCyear
Temple repairs and the finding of the book of the law (Josiah's 18th year)Biblical events625 BC – 619 BCundated
Josiah desecrates Jeroboam's altar at Bethel and the high places of SamariaBiblical events641 BC – 609 BCreign
Josiah's covenant and the purge of Jerusalem and JudahBiblical events625 BC – 609 BCundated
Josiah's delegation consults Huldah the prophetessBiblical events625 BC – 618 BCundated
Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC)Biblical events609 BCreign
Josiah seeks God (8th year) and begins to purge Judah and Israel (12th year) — ChroniclesBiblical events631 BC – 625 BCregnal_year
The altar rebuilt in Jerusalem and the Feast of Booths kept (Ezra 3:1–7)Biblical events538 BC – 530 BCundated
The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2)Biblical events538 BC – 531 BCundated
The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13)Biblical events537 BC – 530 BCundated
Tattenai governor of Beyond the River inquires and writes to Darius (Ezra 5:3–17)Biblical events520 BC – 515 BCundated
Haggai and Zechariah stir the people; the Temple work resumes (Darius's second year, 520 BC)Biblical events520 BC – 519 BCundated
Opposition from the people of the land; the Temple work ceases until Darius's second year (Ezra 4:1–5, 24)Biblical events537 BC – 519 BCundated
Accusations to Ahasuerus and the Rehum–Shimshai letter to Artaxerxes; the city's rebuilding stopped (Ezra 4:6–23)Biblical events537 BC – ?undated
The returned exiles keep the Passover after the Temple's dedication (Ezra 6:19–22)Biblical events516 BC – 515 BCregnal_year
Haggai's oracles of 24/IX, Darius year 2: "from this day I will bless you"; Zerubbabel the signetBiblical events520 BC – 519 BCundated
Haggai's oracle on the latter glory of the house (21/VII, Darius year 2)Biblical events520 BC – 519 BCundated
Zechariah's first oracle: the call to return (8th month, Darius year 2)Biblical events520 BC – 519 BCundated
Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8)Biblical events520 BC – 519 BCundated
Crowns made from the exiles' gifts and set on Joshua; the oracle of the Branch (Zech 6:9–15)Biblical events520 BC – 515 BCundated
The Bethel delegation and the question of fasting; Zechariah's answer (4/IX, Darius year 4)Biblical events518 BC – 517 BCregnal_year
Ezra's caravan from the Ahava to Jerusalem (Ezra 7:7–10; 8)Biblical events459 BC – 457 BCundated
The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10)Biblical events459 BC – 457 BCundated
Nehemiah arrives, inspects the walls by night and calls for rebuilding (Neh 2:9–20)Biblical events446 BC – 444 BCundated
The rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall and gates, section by section (Neh 3)Biblical events446 BC – 444 BCundated
Mockery, threats and the armed builders (Neh 4)Biblical events446 BC – 444 BCundated
The debt crisis and the remission of pledges (Neh 5:1–13)Biblical events446 BC – 423 BCundated
Plots against Nehemiah: Ono, the open letter, Shemaiah (Neh 6:1–14)Biblical events446 BC – 444 BCundated
The wall completed on 25 Elul after fifty-two days (Neh 6:15–19)Biblical events446 BC – 444 BCregnal_year
Nehemiah's first governorship: twelve years, 20th–32nd year of Artaxerxes (445–433 BC)Biblical events446 BC – 444 BCregnal_year
Jerusalem guarded under Hanani and Hananiah; the registry of the first returnees found (Neh 7:1–5)Biblical events446 BC – ?undated
Ezra reads the Law on the first day of the seventh month (Neh 7:73b–8:12)Biblical events446 BC – 444 BCregnal_year
The Feast of Booths kept "as it is written" (Neh 8:13–18)Biblical events446 BC – 444 BCregnal_year
The sealed covenant to keep the law and support the temple (Neh 9:38–10:39)Biblical events446 BC – 444 BCregnal_year
The fast of the twenty-fourth day and the Levites' confession (Neh 9)Biblical events446 BC – 444 BCregnal_year
Nehemiah's return and second-term reforms (Neh 13:4–31)Biblical events434 BC – 423 BCreign
Jerusalem repopulated: one in ten by lot (Neh 11)Biblical events446 BC – ?undated
The dedication of the wall of Jerusalem (Neh 12:27–13:3)Biblical events446 BC – 423 BCundated
The priestly and Levitical registers to the days of Jaddua (Neh 12:1–26)Biblical events446 BC – ?undated
The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection)Biblical events518 BC – ?undated
The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection)Biblical events518 BC – ?undated
Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC)Biblical events465 BC – 423 BCreign
Mordecai uncovers the plot of Bigthan and Teresh (Esth 2:19–23)Biblical events479 BC – 464 BCundated
Esther made queen in Tebeth of Xerxes's seventh year (Esth 2:1–18; winter 479/478 BC)Biblical events479 BC – 478 BCmonth
Xerxes IAchaemenid Persian Empire486 BC → 465 BC – 464 BCday
Ahasuerus's third-year feast at Susa and the deposing of Vashti (Esth 1; 483/482 BC)Biblical events483 BC – 482 BCregnal_year
Mordecai mourns; Esther resolves to go to the king (Esth 4)Biblical events474 BCmonth
Haman casts pur and the decree against the Jews (Esth 3; Nisan 474 BC)Biblical events474 BCmonth
Esther before the king; the first banquet; Haman's gallows (Esth 5)Biblical events474 BCmonth
The sleepless king; Mordecai honoured by Haman (Esth 6)Biblical events474 BCmonth
The institution of Purim; Mordecai second to the king (Esth 9:20–10:3)Biblical events474 BC – ?undated
The Jews defend themselves on 13–14 Adar (Esth 9:1–19; 473 BC)Biblical events474 BC – 473 BCmonth
Mordecai's counter-decree of 23 Sivan (Esth 8; June 474 BC)Biblical events474 BCmonth
The second banquet; Haman hanged (Esth 7)Biblical events474 BCmonth
Antiochus IV EpiphanesSeleucid empire175 BC → 164 BCmonth
JehoiachinJudah598 BC → 597 BCmonth
Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV defeats Antiochus III (217 BC)Biblical events217 BCyear
Battle of Panium: Antiochus III defeats Scopas (c. 200–198 BC)Biblical events200 BC – 198 BCyear
Battle of Magnesia: Rome defeats Antiochus III (190 BC)Biblical events190 BCyear
Assassination of Seleucus IV and accession of Antiochus IV (175 BC)Biblical events175 BCmonth
Death of Antiochus IV at Tabae in Persia (164 BC)Biblical events164 BCmonth

Not datable under this model: Composition of the book of Daniel (date and authorship debated).

Not yet available