Biblical references
Text: World English Bible (public domain). The ESV and NKJV are the preferred study translations and are referenced, not reproduced.
29 In his days Pharaoh Necoh king of Egypt went up against the king of Assyria to the river Euphrates; and King Josiah went against him, but Pharaoh Necoh killed him at Megiddo when he saw him. 30 His servants carried him dead in a chariot from Megiddo, brought him to Jerusalem, and buried him in his own tomb. The people of the land took Jehoahaz the son of Josiah, and anointed him, and made him king in his father’s place.
20 After all this, when Josiah had prepared the temple, Neco king of Egypt went up to fight against Carchemish by the Euphrates, and Josiah went out against him. 21 But he sent ambassadors to him, saying, “What have I to do with you, you king of Judah? I come not against you today, but against the house with which I have war. God has commanded me to make haste. Beware that it is God who is with me, that he not destroy you.” 22 Nevertheless Josiah would not turn his face from him, but disguised himself, that he might fight with him, and didn’t listen to the words of Neco from the mouth of God, and came to fight in the valley of Megiddo. 23 The archers shot at King Josiah; and the king said to his servants, “Take me away, because I am seriously wounded!” 24 So his servants took him out of the chariot, and put him in the second chariot that he had, and brought him to Jerusalem; and he died, and was buried in the tombs of his fathers. All Judah and Jerusalem mourned for Josiah. 25 Jeremiah lamented for Josiah, and all the singing men and singing women spoke of Josiah in their lamentations to this day; and they made them an ordinance in Israel. Behold, they are written in the lamentations. 26 Now the rest of the acts of Josiah and his good deeds, according to that which is written in the LORD’s law, 27 and his acts, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Israel and Judah.
Necho's warning; archers; died after being brought to Jerusalem; Jeremiah's lament.
11 In that day there will be a great mourning in Jerusalem, like the mourning of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddo.
"The mourning of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddon" (traditionally connected).
Connection: The mourning of Hadad-rimmon in the valley of Megiddo — connected with Josiah by Clarke (via Guzik), Keil and Lumby. (confidence: low)
Biblical account
Layer: Biblical text
In Josiah's days Pharaoh Necoh went up "to"/"against" the king of Assyria to the river Euphrates; Josiah went to meet him and Necoh killed him at Megiddo when he saw him; his servants carried him dead in a chariot to Jerusalem and buried him; the people of the land anointed Jehoahaz.
Historical overview
Layer: Historical reconstruction · Period: Spring–summer 609 BC
ABC 3: in Nabopolassar's 16th year (610/609) the Babylonians and Medes took Harran from Aššur-uballiṭ and "the army of Egypt that had come to help him"; in the 17th year, in Du'ûzu (June/July 609), Aššur-uballiṭ "with a large army from Egypt" crossed the Euphrates and besieged Harran until Ulûlu without success. Necho's march north is this campaign. Josephus says Necho was marching "to fight with the Medes and Babylonians".[1, 2]
Kingdoms: Kingdom of Judah, Egypt (Twenty-sixth Dynasty), Neo-Babylonian Empire
Date and chronology derivation
Ranges are computed by the project's deterministic chronology engine from the biblical statements and each model's reign anchors. They are reconstructions, not independent dates.
609 BC
Model-independent (applies under every chronology model) · precision: reign
How this range was derived
Earliest bound
- reign of Jehoiakim began between 1 Aug 609 BC and 31 Jan 608 BC (model-independent) (2 Kings 23:36)[1, 4, 5]Assumption: Josiah was killed as Necho marched north (2 Kgs 23:29); the Egyptian army crossed the Euphrates against Harran in Du'ûzu 609 and besieged it until Ulûlu (ABC 3); Jehoahaz reigned three months (2 Kgs 23:31) before Necho installed Jehoiakim (2 Kgs 23:34). Conservative window 1 Aug 609 – 31 Jan 608. Model-independent reconstruction from the Babylonian chronicles and the stated reign lengths; individual chronologists differ by months.
- “The king of Egypt made Eliakim … king over Judah” — Necho II deposes Jehoahaz and installs Jehoiakim (609 BC) within reign reign of Jehoiakim (2 Chronicles 36:4)Assumption: The installation marks the start of Jehoiakim's reign (window Aug 609 – Jan 608, from ABC 3 and the three months of Jehoahaz).
- “Jehoahaz … reigned three months in Jerusalem. Pharaoh Necoh put him in bonds at Riblah” — Necho II deposes Jehoahaz and installs Jehoiakim (609 BC) months later Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC) (2 Kings 23:31–33)[2]Assumption: Josephus: three months and ten days (Ant. 10.5.2).
Latest bound
- Synchronism: Josiah's death (2 Kgs 23:29) during Necho's march to Harran (ABC 3, Nabopolassar year 17) — independently dated between 1 Mar 609 BC and 31 Jul 609 BC (Babylonian regnal year fixed by Ptolemy's Canon and astronomical texts (Parker & Dubberstein, via Livius)) (2 Kings 23:29)[1]Assumption: Before the Euphrates crossing in Du'ûzu 609 (ABC 3); 1 March is an operator margin. Kings and the chronicle describe the same Egyptian expedition; the chronicle records Egypt's help to Assyria in 610 and 609, and the 609 crossing is the one that follows Josiah's three-month successor (2 Kgs 23:31–33).
What else was happening? (model-independent)
- Jehoiakim (reign): 609 BC – 597 BC
- Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7): ? – 539 BC
- Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8): ? – 539 BC
- Necho II deposes Jehoahaz and installs Jehoiakim (609 BC): 609 BC
- Josiah (reign): 641 BC – 609 BC
- Josiah desecrates Jeroboam's altar at Bethel and the high places of Samaria: 641 BC – 609 BC
- Josiah's covenant and the purge of Jerusalem and Judah: 625 BC – 609 BC
Ancient and modern geography
Location confidence assumes the event as described. Whether it occurred is assessed in the claims below.
| Place | Connection to this event | Location identification |
|---|---|---|
| MegiddoTel Megiddo (Tell al-Mutesellim) | Place of the battle and of Josiah's death (Kings)Location confidence: certain | Tel Megiddo (Pleiades 26356565): certain[6] |
| JerusalemJerusalem (Old City / City of David) | Burial; place of death in Chronicles and JosephusLocation confidence: certain | Pleiades representative point: certain[7] |
Claims, evidence and classifications
Each claim is classified on its own. A classification describes the evidence for that specific claim, not for the event as a whole.
In 610–609 BC Egypt sent armies to support Assyria against Babylon, and in summer 609 an Egyptian army with Aššur-uballiṭ crossed the Euphrates against Harran.
ABC 3 records the Egyptian army helping Aššur-uballiṭ in year 16 and crossing the Euphrates with him in Du'ûzu of year 17; Josephus, independently of the chronicle, says Necho marched to fight the Medes and Babylonians. Lumby's pre-1923 reading ("against the king of Assyria") is superseded on this point.
Supporting
- Aššur-uballiṭ and "the army of Egypt that had come to help him" abandoned Harran; in Du'ûzu "with a large army from Egypt" crossed the Euphrates and besieged Harran until Ulûlu.[1]Strength: direct·years 16–17·Claim checked
- Neco marched to the Euphrates "to fight with the Medes and Babylonians".[2]Strength: direct·Ant. 10.5.1·Claim checked
Challenging
- The expedition was "against the king of Assyria" in 610 (written before the chronicle was published).[8]Strength: indirect·on 23:29·Claim checked
Research date 2026-10-13
Josiah died in 609 BC, during Necho's march north and before the Egyptian crossing of the Euphrates in Du'ûzu.
Kings places the death during Necho's march to the Euphrates; ABC 3 dates that campaign's crossing to Du'ûzu 609; the three months of Jehoahaz and the installation of Jehoiakim follow (2 Kgs 23:31–34), consistent with Jehoiakim's fourth year = 605 (Jer 46:2; ABC 5). The chronicle does not name Josiah. Classified historically plausible rather than strongly supported because only one independent line (ABC 3) supports the year directly.
Supporting
- The 609 crossing in Du'ûzu.[1]Strength: direct·year 17·Claim checked
Context
- Josiah reigned 31 years; Jehoahaz three months and ten days, deposed as Necho returned.[2]Strength: direct·Ant. 10.5.1–2·Claim checked
Limitations of this classification: Indirect synchronism: the chronicle does not mention Judah.
Research date 2026-10-13
Josiah died at Megiddo (2 Kgs 23:29) rather than after being brought back to Jerusalem.
Kings: Necho "killed him at Megiddo" and his servants "carried him dead". 2 Chr 35:23–24: wounded by archers, moved to a second chariot, brought to Jerusalem, "and he died". Josephus: he retreated to Jerusalem and "died of that wound". Keil holds that Chronicles does not say where he died; Lumby reports a view, from Zech 12:11, that he died at Hadad-rimmon. No external source bears on it.
Supporting
- Chronicles does not affirm that he died in Jerusalem.[9]Strength: indirect·p. 496·Claim checked
Challenging
Context
Research date 2026-10-13
Herodotus's battle at "Magdolos" against "the Syrians" (2.159) is Necho's battle at Megiddo.
Herodotus places a land victory of Necho at Magdolos followed by the capture of Cadytis. Keil explains Magdolos as a confusion with Megiddo; Movers (via Keil) placed it at Migdol on the Egyptian frontier. Herodotus is a fifth-century Greek source dependent on Egyptian informants.
Supporting
Challenging
- Movers transferred the battle to Magdolo on the Egyptian frontier.[9]Strength: indirect·pp. 494–495 n.·Claim checked
Research date 2026-10-13
Megiddo is Tel Megiddo (Tell al-Mutesellim).
Pleiades associates the names Megiddo and Magidû with Tel Megiddo with certainty; Keil gives the same identification via Legio/Lejjun.
Supporting
Research date 2026-10-13
Necho's objective in 609 was Carchemish on the Euphrates (2 Chr 35:20; 1 Esd 1:25).
Chronicles and 1 Esdras name Carchemish; Kings names the king of Assyria and the Euphrates; ABC 3 shows the 609 Egyptian army crossing the Euphrates against Harran, without naming the crossing point. Keil takes Carchemish at face value; Curtis and Madsen hold that the writer introduced it from Necho's defeat there in 605. Carchemish as a crossing point on the way to Harran would reconcile the sources but is not attested for 609 in the texts read.
Supporting
Challenging
Limitations of this classification: 1 Esdras depends on Chronicles here.
Research date 2026-10-13
Necho sent Josiah a warning that he had not come against Judah (2 Chr 35:21).
Recorded only in Chronicles and 1 Esdras (which attributes the warning to "the prophet Jeremy from the Lord's mouth"). Keil treats the speech as historical; Curtis and Madsen think it "probably" a fiction modelled, with the disguise and the archers, on Ahab's death (2 Chr 18:29–34). No external source bears on it.
Supporting
- The message is explained philologically as Necho's own words.[13]Strength: indirect·pp. 504–505·Claim checked
Challenging
- Whether historic or a fiction is impossible to determine — "probably the latter".[11]Strength: indirect·p. 517·Claim checked
Context
- Josias disregarded "the words of the prophet Jeremy from the Lord's mouth".[10]Strength: direct·1 Esd 1:28·Claim checked
Research date 2026-10-13
Evidence by type
The same evidence regrouped by kind of source. Each item names the claims it bears on.
Archaeological evidence
None recorded for this event.
Scientific findings
None recorded for this event.
Ancient documents
- Aššur-uballiṭ and "the army of Egypt that had come to help him" abandoned Harran; in Du'ûzu "with a large army from Egypt" crossed the Euphrates and besieged Harran until Ulûlu.[1]Bears on: supporting — “In 610–609 BC Egypt sent armies to support Assyria against Babylon, an…”
- Neco marched to the Euphrates "to fight with the Medes and Babylonians".[2]Bears on: supporting — “In 610–609 BC Egypt sent armies to support Assyria against Babylon, an…”
- The 609 crossing in Du'ûzu.[1]Bears on: supporting — “Josiah died in 609 BC, during Necho's march north and before the Egypt…”
- Josiah reigned 31 years; Jehoahaz three months and ten days, deposed as Necho returned.[2]Bears on: context — “Josiah died in 609 BC, during Necho's march north and before the Egypt…”
- Sorely wounded, he returned to Jerusalem and died of the wound.[2]Bears on: challenging — “Josiah died at Megiddo (2 Kgs 23:29) rather than after being brought b…”
- Necos engaged battle at Magdolos with the Syrians and conquered them; then took Cadytis.[12]Bears on: supporting — “Herodotus's battle at "Magdolos" against "the Syrians" (2.159) is Nech…”
- Carried out of the battle, he got into his second chariot and died after being brought back to Jerusalem.[10]Bears on: challenging — “Josiah died at Megiddo (2 Kgs 23:29) rather than after being brought b…”
- Pharaoh came to make war at Carchemish on the Euphrates.[10]Bears on: supporting — “Necho's objective in 609 was Carchemish on the Euphrates (2 Chr 35:20;…”
- The 609 objective was Harran.[1]Bears on: challenging — “Necho's objective in 609 was Carchemish on the Euphrates (2 Chr 35:20;…”
- Josias disregarded "the words of the prophet Jeremy from the Lord's mouth".[10]Bears on: context — “Necho sent Josiah a warning that he had not come against Judah (2 Chr …”
Modern news and announcements
None recorded for this event.
Reference works and summaries
- The expedition was "against the king of Assyria" in 610 (written before the chronicle was published).[8]Bears on: challenging — “In 610–609 BC Egypt sent armies to support Assyria against Babylon, an…”
- Chronicles does not affirm that he died in Jerusalem.[9]Bears on: supporting — “Josiah died at Megiddo (2 Kgs 23:29) rather than after being brought b…”
- Some suppose he died at Hadad-rimmon (Zech 12:11).[8]Bears on: context — “Josiah died at Megiddo (2 Kgs 23:29) rather than after being brought b…”
- Magdolos arises from confusion with Megiddo.[9]Bears on: supporting — “Herodotus's battle at "Magdolos" against "the Syrians" (2.159) is Nech…”
- Movers transferred the battle to Magdolo on the Egyptian frontier.[9]Bears on: challenging — “Herodotus's battle at "Magdolos" against "the Syrians" (2.159) is Nech…”
- Tel Megiddo, Magidû, Megiddo (certain).[6]Bears on: supporting — “Megiddo is Tel Megiddo (Tell al-Mutesellim).”
- Megiddo is identical with Roman Legio (Lejjun).[9]Bears on: supporting — “Megiddo is Tel Megiddo (Tell al-Mutesellim).”
- Kings has him slain at Megiddo, Chronicles dying after reaching Jerusalem; an assassination reading of Kings is unlikely.[11]Bears on: context — “Josiah died at Megiddo (2 Kgs 23:29) rather than after being brought b…”
- Necho came up to fight at Carchemish on the Euphrates.[13]Bears on: supporting — “Necho's objective in 609 was Carchemish on the Euphrates (2 Chr 35:20;…”
- Carchemish was introduced from the battle there two years later.[11]Bears on: challenging — “Necho's objective in 609 was Carchemish on the Euphrates (2 Chr 35:20;…”
- The message is explained philologically as Necho's own words.[13]Bears on: supporting — “Necho sent Josiah a warning that he had not come against Judah (2 Chr …”
- Whether historic or a fiction is impossible to determine — "probably the latter".[11]Bears on: challenging — “Necho sent Josiah a warning that he had not come against Judah (2 Chr …”
Historical disputes and competing reconstructions
Disputed claims: Josiah died at Megiddo (2 Kgs 23:29) rather than after being brought back to Jerusalem.Necho's objective in 609 was Carchemish on the Euphrates (2 Chr 35:20; 1 Esd 1:25).
Necho marching to help Assyria against Babylon
ABC 3 (Egyptian army with Aššur-uballiṭ, 610–609); Josephus (against the Medes and Babylonians); D. Guzik (NKJV)
Josiah tried to stop an Egyptian army going to Assyria's aid.[1, 2, 14]
Necho marching against Assyria (610)
J. R. Lumby (1887), before ABC 3 was published
Read the Hebrew as "against" and supposed Josiah an ally or tributary of Assyria. Superseded by the chronicle on the direction of the campaign.[8]
Herodotus's battle at "Magdolos" against "the Syrians" is this battle
C. F. Keil (1872): a confusion with Megiddo; F. C. Movers (as reported by Keil): Migdol on the Egyptian frontier
Herodotus 2.159 has Necho defeat the Syrians at Magdolos and then take Cadytis.[9, 12]
Necho came by sea (landing at Acco) vs by land
C. F. Keil (1872) and J. R. Lumby (1887): by sea; E. L. Curtis and A. A. Madsen (1910): Megiddo was simply the old battle-ground; against Cheyne's sea route
Keil infers a landing at Acco from Herodotus's mention of Necho's fleet; Curtis rejects the inference.[8, 9, 11]
Who warned Josiah: Necho (Chronicles) or Jeremiah (1 Esdras)
2 Chr 35:21–22 (text): words of Neco "from the mouth of God"; 1 Esd 1:28: "the words of the prophet Jeremy from the Lord's mouth"
The Greek parallel transfers the warning to Jeremiah; Curtis and Madsen regard the message as probably a literary construction.[10, 11]
Related passages and events
| From | Relationship | To | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| this event | Same eventhigh · Biblical text | 2 Chronicles 35:20–25 | Chronicles' parallel: Necho's warning, the archers, death after reaching Jerusalem. |
| this event | Source attestationmedium · External evidence | Babylonian Chronicle ABC 3 (Fall of Nineveh Chronicle) | ABC 3 records the 609 Egyptian campaign to Harran during which Josiah fell (Josiah not named).[1] |
| this event | Direct referencelow · Interpretation | Zechariah 12:11 | The mourning of Hadad-rimmon in the valley of Megiddo — connected with Josiah by Clarke (via Guzik), Keil and Lumby.[8, 9, 14] |
| this event | Thematic parallelhigh · Biblical text | Jeremiah 22:10–12 | "Don't weep for the dead" — Josiah — but for Shallum (Jehoahaz) who went away. |
| this event | Historical consequencehigh · Biblical text | Necho II deposes Jehoahaz and installs Jehoiakim (609 BC) | Jehoahaz anointed after Josiah's death, deposed by Necho three months later. |
| Battle of Carchemish (605 BC) | Preceded byhigh · External evidence | this event | Egypt's hold on Syria after 609 ended at Carchemish (605).[1] |
| this event | Thematic parallellow · Biblical text | Gedaliah son of Ahikam | Ahikam son of Shaphan (2 Kgs 22:12) was the father of Gedaliah the governor (2 Kgs 25:22) — the same court family spans Josiah's reign and the destruction. |
| this event | Thematic parallelhigh · Interpretation | 2 Chronicles 18:29–34 | Josiah's death told like Ahab's: warning, disguise, archers, "I am wounded", the chariot (Curtis and Madsen; Selman via Guzik).[11, 15] |
| this event | Genealogical connectionmedium · Biblical text | 1 Chronicles 3:15 | Josiah's sons Johanan, Jehoiakim, Zedekiah and Shallum (Jehoahaz) — the succession after his death. |
Prophetic relationships
No prophecy or proposed-fulfillment relationships have been recorded for this event.
Synchronisms with external chronology
Josiah's death (2 Kgs 23:29) during Necho's march to Harran (ABC 3, Nabopolassar year 17)
Documentary correlation · indirect (via Necho's 609 campaign (the chronicle does not name Josiah or Megiddo)) · evidence strength: moderate · independent date: 609 BC (Babylonian regnal year fixed by Ptolemy's Canon and astronomical texts (Parker & Dubberstein, via Livius))
2 Kgs 23:29 has Necho go up "to the king of Assyria to the river Euphrates"; ABC 3 records Aššur-uballiṭ with a large Egyptian army crossing the Euphrates against Harran in Du'ûzu of Nabopolassar's 17th year (609). Josiah fell during that march, before the crossing.[1]
Assumptions: Kings and the chronicle describe the same Egyptian expedition; the chronicle records Egypt's help to Assyria in 610 and 609, and the 609 crossing is the one that follows Josiah's three-month successor (2 Kgs 23:31–33).
Expedition against Assyria in 610 (pre-1923 reading): Lumby (1887), before the chronicle was published, dated the expedition to 610 and took it to be against Assyria.[8]
Commentary references
Layer: Interpretation. This is commentary, not historical evidence.
Guzik follows 2 Chr 35:20–25: Josiah ignored Necho's warning, disguised himself and was shot by archers; Clarke places the mourning at Hadad-rimmon (Zech 12:11).[14]
Unanswered questions and research gaps
- Megiddo excavation reports (Iron Age II strata) not read.
- Egyptian sources for Necho II's Asiatic campaigns not researched.
- Payne's claim (via Guzik) that Megiddo Stratum II confirms the battle was not verified.
- Why Josiah opposed Necho (Keil: to keep Judah from Egyptian control; Lumby: loyalty to Assyria) is not stated in the text.
- The Megiddo excavations' Iron Age strata were not researched.
Research process
7 logged searches
| Date | Query | Where | Useful |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-13 | ABC 3 (Livius) years 16–17 | web fetch | 1 |
| 2026-10-13 | Josephus Ant. 10.5.1–2 | web fetch | 1 |
| 2026-10-13 | Herodotus 2.159 (local Gutenberg) | local text | 1 |
| 2026-10-13 | Keil 1872 pp. 493–496 | web fetch | 1 |
| 2026-10-13 | Lumby 1887 on 23:29–30 | web fetch | 1 |
| 2026-10-13 | Pleiades: Megiddo | pleiades | 1 |
| 2026-10-13 | WEB 1 Esdras 1; Curtis & Madsen pp. 516–518; Keil Chronicles pp. 504–505Added in the 2 Chronicles 34–35 unit. | local text | 1 |
Sources
- 1.Lendering, Jona (ed.). ABC 3 (Fall of Nineveh Chronicle) — English translation on Livius.org. Livius.org. www.livius.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textYears 16–17 of Nabopolassar read.Verification log
- 2.Josephus, Whiston, William (trans.). Josephus, Antiquities 10.4.1–10.5.2 (trans. W. Whiston). Project Gutenberg #2848. www.gutenberg.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textVerification log
- 3.Guzik, David. 2 Kings 22 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryInterpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log
- 4.Wikipedia contributors. Jehoiakim — Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. en.wikipedia.orgClaim checkedPopular summaryVerification log
- 5.Lendering, Jona (ed.). ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle / Chronicle of the early years of Nebuchadnezzar) — English translation on Livius.org. Livius.org. www.livius.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textFull translation page read (obverse 1–27, reverse 1′–13′). Cuneiform and the printed editions (Wiseman 1956; Grayson 1975; Glassner 2004) were not consulted directly. Julian equivalents on the page follow Parker & Dubberstein.Verification log
- 6.Pleiades contributors. Magidû (Megiddo) — Pleiades place 26356565. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 35.18373, lat 32.58378.Verification log
- 7.Pleiades contributors. Ierusalem/Hierosolyma — Pleiades place 687928. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 35.234978, lat 31.7771895.Verification log
- 8.Lumby, J. Rawson. The Second Book of the Kings, with Introduction and Notes (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges). Cambridge University Press, 1887. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text. Written before ABC 3 was published (1923).Verification log
- 9.Keil, C. F., Martin, James (trans.). Biblical Commentary on the Books of the Kings (Clark's Foreign Theological Library). T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1872. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text.Verification log
- 10.World English Bible (translators). World English Bible — Apocrypha/Deuterocanon (1 Esdras 1). eBible.org. ebible.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textGreek parallel to 2 Chr 35–36; quoted only briefly.Verification log
- 11.Curtis, Edward Lewis, Madsen, Albert Alonzo. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Books of Chronicles (International Critical Commentary). T. & T. Clark / Scribner, 1910. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text.Verification log
- 12.Herodotus, Macaulay, G. C. (trans.). Herodotus, Histories 2.159 (trans. G. C. Macaulay). Project Gutenberg #2707. www.gutenberg.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textVerification log
- 13.Keil, C. F., Harper, Andrew (trans.). Biblical Commentary on the Books of the Chronicles (Clark's Foreign Theological Library). T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1872. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text.Verification log
- 14.Guzik, David. 2 Kings 23 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryInterpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log
- 15.Guzik, David. 2 Chronicles 35 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryInterpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log