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Biblical History Atlas

Historical event dossier · Migration, Religious, Genealogical

The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2)

Researched — not human reviewedRevision 1Last reviewed: not reviewed

Human review pending. 3 items from this dossier are awaiting the project owner's review: “Disputed: why the return list's items (29,818 / 31,089 / 30,143) fall short of the stated 42,360” (queued 2026-10-13, status open). “Disputed: did the families listed in Ezra 2 return under Cyrus (Ezra) or under Darius I (1 Esdras 5; Josephus)?” (queued 2026-10-13, status open). “Same event (medium confidence): Ezra 1:11 ends with Sheshbazzar bringing up the vessels "when the captives were brought up"” (queued 2026-10-13, status open). All classifications on this page are machine-proposed unless marked otherwise. Review happens offline. This site has no review controls.

Biblical references

Text: World English Bible (public domain). The ESV and NKJV are the preferred study translations and are referenced, not reproduced.

Ezra 2:1–70Narration
1 Now these are the children of the province who went up out of the captivity of those who had been carried away, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away to Babylon, and who returned to Jerusalem and Judah, everyone to his city; 2 who came with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Seraiah, Reelaiah, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispar, Bigvai, Rehum, and Baanah. The number of the men of the people of Israel: 3 The children of Parosh, two thousand one hundred seventy-two. 4 The children of Shephatiah, three hundred seventy-two. 5 The children of Arah, seven hundred seventy-five. 6 The children of Pahathmoab, of the children of Jeshua and Joab, two thousand eight hundred twelve. 7 The children of Elam, one thousand two hundred fifty-four. 8 The children of Zattu, nine hundred forty-five. 9 The children of Zaccai, seven hundred sixty. 10 The children of Bani, six hundred forty-two. 11 The children of Bebai, six hundred twenty-three. 12 The children of Azgad, one thousand two hundred twenty-two. 13 The children of Adonikam, six hundred sixty-six. 14 The children of Bigvai, two thousand fifty-six. 15 The children of Adin, four hundred fifty-four. 16 The children of Ater, of Hezekiah, ninety-eight. 17 The children of Bezai, three hundred twenty-three. 18 The children of Jorah, one hundred twelve. 19 The children of Hashum, two hundred twenty-three. 20 The children of Gibbar, ninety-five. 21 The children of Bethlehem, one hundred twenty-three. 22 The men of Netophah, fifty-six. 23 The men of Anathoth, one hundred twenty-eight. 24 The children of Azmaveth, forty-two. 25 The children of Kiriath Arim, Chephirah, and Beeroth, seven hundred forty-three. 26 The children of Ramah and Geba, six hundred twenty-one. 27 The men of Michmas, one hundred twenty-two. 28 The men of Bethel and Ai, two hundred twenty-three. 29 The children of Nebo, fifty-two. 30 The children of Magbish, one hundred fifty-six. 31 The children of the other Elam, one thousand two hundred fifty-four. 32 The children of Harim, three hundred twenty. 33 The children of Lod, Hadid, and Ono, seven hundred twenty-five. 34 The children of Jericho, three hundred forty-five. 35 The children of Senaah, three thousand six hundred thirty. 36 The priests: the children of Jedaiah, of the house of Jeshua, nine hundred seventy-three. 37 The children of Immer, one thousand fifty-two. 38 The children of Pashhur, one thousand two hundred forty-seven. 39 The children of Harim, one thousand seventeen. 40 The Levites: the children of Jeshua and Kadmiel, of the children of Hodaviah, seventy-four. 41 The singers: the children of Asaph, one hundred twenty-eight. 42 The children of the gatekeepers: the children of Shallum, the children of Ater, the children of Talmon, the children of Akkub, the children of Hatita, the children of Shobai, in all one hundred thirty-nine. 43 The temple servants: the children of Ziha, the children of Hasupha, the children of Tabbaoth, 44 the children of Keros, the children of Siaha, the children of Padon, 45 the children of Lebanah, the children of Hagabah, the children of Akkub, 46 the children of Hagab, the children of Shamlai, the children of Hanan, 47 the children of Giddel, the children of Gahar, the children of Reaiah, 48 the children of Rezin, the children of Nekoda, the children of Gazzam, 49 the children of Uzza, the children of Paseah, the children of Besai, 50 the children of Asnah, the children of Meunim, the children of Nephisim, 51 the children of Bakbuk, the children of Hakupha, the children of Harhur, 52 the children of Bazluth, the children of Mehida, the children of Harsha, 53 the children of Barkos, the children of Sisera, the children of Temah, 54 the children of Neziah, the children of Hatipha. 55 The children of Solomon’s servants: the children of Sotai, the children of Hassophereth, the children of Peruda, 56 the children of Jaalah, the children of Darkon, the children of Giddel, 57 the children of Shephatiah, the children of Hattil, the children of Pochereth Hazzebaim, the children of Ami. 58 All the temple servants, and the children of Solomon’s servants, were three hundred ninety-two. 59 These were those who went up from Tel Melah, Tel Harsha, Cherub, Addan, and Immer; but they could not show their fathers’ houses and their offspring, whether they were of Israel: 60 the children of Delaiah, the children of Tobiah, the children of Nekoda, six hundred fifty-two. 61 Of the children of the priests: the children of Habaiah, the children of Hakkoz, and the children of Barzillai, who took a wife of the daughters of Barzillai the Gileadite, and was called after their name. 62 These sought their place among those who were registered by genealogy, but they were not found; therefore they were deemed disqualified and removed from the priesthood. 63 The governor told them that they should not eat of the most holy things until a priest stood up to serve with Urim and with Thummim. 64 The whole assembly together was forty-two thousand three hundred sixty, 65 in addition to their male servants and their female servants, of whom there were seven thousand three hundred thirty-seven; and they had two hundred singing men and singing women. 66 Their horses were seven hundred thirty-six; their mules, two hundred forty-five; 67 their camels, four hundred thirty-five; their donkeys, six thousand seven hundred twenty. 68 Some of the heads of fathers’ households, when they came to the LORD’s house which is in Jerusalem, offered willingly for God’s house to set it up in its place. 69 They gave according to their ability into the treasury of the work sixty-one thousand darics of gold, five thousand minas of silver, and one hundred priests’ garments. 70 So the priests and the Levites, with some of the people, the singers, the gatekeepers, and the temple servants, lived in their cities, and all Israel in their cities.
Nehemiah 7:6–73Parallel account
6 These are the children of the province who went up out of the captivity of those who had been carried away, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away, and who returned to Jerusalem and to Judah, everyone to his city, 7 who came with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Azariah, Raamiah, Nahamani, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispereth, Bigvai, Nehum, and Baanah. The number of the men of the people of Israel: 8 The children of Parosh: two thousand one hundred seventy-two. 9 The children of Shephatiah: three hundred seventy-two. 10 The children of Arah: six hundred fifty-two. 11 The children of Pahathmoab, of the children of Jeshua and Joab: two thousand eight hundred eighteen. 12 The children of Elam: one thousand two hundred fifty-four. 13 The children of Zattu: eight hundred forty-five. 14 The children of Zaccai: seven hundred sixty. 15 The children of Binnui: six hundred forty-eight. 16 The children of Bebai: six hundred twenty-eight. 17 The children of Azgad: two thousand three hundred twenty-two. 18 The children of Adonikam: six hundred sixty-seven. 19 The children of Bigvai: two thousand sixty-seven. 20 The children of Adin: six hundred fifty-five. 21 The children of Ater: of Hezekiah, ninety-eight. 22 The children of Hashum: three hundred twenty-eight. 23 The children of Bezai: three hundred twenty-four. 24 The children of Hariph: one hundred twelve. 25 The children of Gibeon: ninety-five. 26 The men of Bethlehem and Netophah: one hundred eighty-eight. 27 The men of Anathoth: one hundred twenty-eight. 28 The men of Beth Azmaveth: forty-two. 29 The men of Kiriath Jearim, Chephirah, and Beeroth: seven hundred forty-three. 30 The men of Ramah and Geba: six hundred twenty-one. 31 The men of Michmas: one hundred twenty-two. 32 The men of Bethel and Ai: one hundred twenty-three. 33 The men of the other Nebo: fifty-two. 34 The children of the other Elam: one thousand two hundred fifty-four. 35 The children of Harim: three hundred twenty. 36 The children of Jericho: three hundred forty-five. 37 The children of Lod, Hadid, and Ono: seven hundred twenty-one. 38 The children of Senaah: three thousand nine hundred thirty. 39 The priests: The children of Jedaiah, of the house of Jeshua: nine hundred seventy-three. 40 The children of Immer: one thousand fifty-two. 41 The children of Pashhur: one thousand two hundred forty-seven. 42 The children of Harim: one thousand seventeen. 43 The Levites: the children of Jeshua, of Kadmiel, of the children of Hodevah: seventy-four. 44 The singers: the children of Asaph: one hundred forty-eight. 45 The gatekeepers: the children of Shallum, the children of Ater, the children of Talmon, the children of Akkub, the children of Hatita, the children of Shobai: one hundred thirty-eight. 46 The temple servants: the children of Ziha, the children of Hasupha, the children of Tabbaoth, 47 the children of Keros, the children of Sia, the children of Padon, 48 the children of Lebana, the children of Hagaba, the children of Salmai, 49 the children of Hanan, the children of Giddel, the children of Gahar, 50 the children of Reaiah, the children of Rezin, the children of Nekoda, 51 the children of Gazzam, the children of Uzza, the children of Paseah, 52 the children of Besai, the children of Meunim, the children of Nephushesim, 53 the children of Bakbuk, the children of Hakupha, the children of Harhur, 54 the children of Bazlith, the children of Mehida, the children of Harsha, 55 the children of Barkos, the children of Sisera, the children of Temah, 56 the children of Neziah, and the children of Hatipha. 57 The children of Solomon’s servants: the children of Sotai, the children of Sophereth, the children of Perida, 58 the children of Jaala, the children of Darkon, the children of Giddel, 59 the children of Shephatiah, the children of Hattil, the children of Pochereth Hazzebaim, and the children of Amon. 60 All the temple servants and the children of Solomon’s servants were three hundred ninety-two. 61 These were those who went up from Tel Melah, Tel Harsha, Cherub, Addon, and Immer; but they could not show their fathers’ houses, nor their offspring, whether they were of Israel: 62 The children of Delaiah, the children of Tobiah, the children of Nekoda: six hundred forty-two. 63 Of the priests: the children of Hobaiah, the children of Hakkoz, the children of Barzillai, who took a wife of the daughters of Barzillai the Gileadite, and was called after their name. 64 These searched for their genealogical records, but couldn’t find them. Therefore they were deemed disqualified and removed from the priesthood. 65 The governor told them not to eat of the most holy things until a priest stood up to minister with Urim and Thummim. 66 The whole assembly together was forty-two thousand three hundred sixty, 67 in addition to their male servants and their female servants, of whom there were seven thousand three hundred thirty-seven. They had two hundred forty-five singing men and singing women. 68 Their horses were seven hundred thirty-six; their mules, two hundred forty-five; 69 their camels, four hundred thirty-five; their donkeys, six thousand seven hundred twenty. 70 Some from among the heads of fathers’ households gave to the work. The governor gave to the treasury one thousand darics of gold, fifty basins, and five hundred thirty priests’ garments. 71 Some of the heads of fathers’ households gave into the treasury of the work twenty thousand darics of gold, and two thousand two hundred minas of silver. 72 That which the rest of the people gave was twenty thousand darics of gold, plus two thousand minas of silver, and sixty-seven priests’ garments. 73 So the priests, the Levites, the gatekeepers, the singers, some of the people, the temple servants, and all Israel lived in their cities. When the seventh month had come, the children of Israel were in their cities.

Nehemiah's copy of the list (figures differ).

Biblical account

Layer: Biblical text

The province's people who returned from the captivity, each to his town, with eleven named leaders headed by Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the families and townspeople, four priestly houses (4,289), 74 Levites, 128 singers, 139 gatekeepers and 392 temple servants and descendants of Solomon's servants; 652 who could not prove their descent and priests excluded pending Urim and Thummim; a total of 42,360 with 7,337 servants and 200 singers, 736 horses, 245 mules, 435 camels and 6,720 donkeys; gifts of 61,000 darics, 5,000 minas of silver and 100 priests' garments.

Historical overview

Layer: Historical reconstruction · Period: 538 BC onward (Ezra's framework); possibly a composite list

Ezra 1:11 ends with Sheshbazzar bringing the vessels "when the captives were brought up"; Ezra 2 follows with the list. 1 Esdras 5:1–6 places this list after Zerubbabel's contest before Darius, in Darius's second year. Ryle suggests that Zerubbabel may have led a second contingent; Batten finds features (qāhāl; the gifts) suggesting a date later than Cyrus.[1, 2, 3]

Kingdoms: Achaemenid Persian Empire, Kingdom of Judah

Date and chronology derivation

Ranges are computed by the project's deterministic chronology engine from the biblical statements and each model's reign anchors. They are reconstructions, not independent dates.

538 BC – 531 BC

Model-independent (applies under every chronology model) · precision: undated

How this range was derived

Earliest bound

  1. “Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia” — Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) in regnal year reign of Cyrus II (the Great) (year 1) [reckoned accession, nisan new year] (Ezra 1:1)[4]Assumption: "First year of Cyrus" counted as his first Babylonian year (24 Mar 538 – Mar 537); counting from his rule in Persia would be meaningless here, since the decree presupposes the conquest of Babylon.
  2. “Now these are the children of the province who went up out of the captivity” — The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2) after Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) (Ezra 2:1)Assumption: Ezra places the return after Cyrus's decree (1:1–11); 1 Esd 5:1–6 places it under Darius — that reading is recorded as disputed and not modelled.

Latest bound

  1. reign of Cyrus II (the Great) ended between 12 Aug 530 BC and 31 Aug 530 BC (model-independent)[4, 5]Assumption: Last Cyrus-dated tablets 12 Aug 530; first Cambyses tablet as sole king 31 Aug 530 (Parker & Dubberstein 1942, p. 12). Cyrus's reign as king of Persia began c. 559 BC; this record covers only his rule over Babylon, which the Babylonian documents date by.
  2. “according to the grant that they had from Cyrus King of Persia” — The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) within reign reign of Cyrus II (the Great) (Ezra 3:7)Assumption: Ezra's framework places 3:1–13 in Cyrus's reign (cf. 4:5). This is the text's chronology; the alternative placement under Darius is recorded as disputed.
  3. “in the second year of their coming to God's house at Jerusalem, in the second month” — The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) years later The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2) (Ezra 3:8)Assumption: The "second year of their coming" counted from the arrival; 1–2 years later (operator margin).

View on the timeline →

What else was happening? (model-independent)

  • Daniel's refusal of the king's food and the ten-day test (Dan 1:8–16): 606 BC – ?
  • Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7): 603 BC – ?
  • Nebuchadnezzar's decree honouring the God of the three Judeans (Dan 3:28–30): 603 BC – ?
  • The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27): 603 BC – ?
  • Daniel continues until the first year of King Cyrus (Dan 1:21): 538 BC – 537 BC
  • Cyrus II (the Great) (reign): 539 BC – 530 BC
  • The thirty-day decree and Daniel in the lions' den (Dan 6:4–23): 539 BC – ?
  • Darius appoints 120 satraps and three chief officials (Dan 6:1–3, 28): 539 BC – ?
  • The accusers punished; Darius's decree honouring the God of Daniel (Dan 6:24–27): 539 BC – ?
  • Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5): 538 BC – 537 BC
  • Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27): 539 BC – 536 BC
  • Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19): 539 BC – 536 BC
  • Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1): 536 BC – 535 BC
  • The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13): 536 BC – 535 BC
  • Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26): 589 BC – ?
  • Cyrus returns the Temple vessels to Sheshbazzar; the first return (Ezra 1:5–11): 538 BC – 530 BC
  • The altar rebuilt in Jerusalem and the Feast of Booths kept (Ezra 3:1–7): 538 BC – 530 BC
  • The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13): 537 BC – 530 BC
  • Opposition from the people of the land; the Temple work ceases until Darius's second year (Ezra 4:1–5, 24): 537 BC – 519 BC
  • Accusations to Ahasuerus and the Rehum–Shimshai letter to Artaxerxes; the city's rebuilding stopped (Ezra 4:6–23): 537 BC – ?

Ancient and modern geography

Location confidence assumes the event as described. Whether it occurred is assessed in the claims below.

PlaceConnection to this eventLocation identification
BabylonBabil (ruins near Hillah)Place of exileLocation confidence: certainBabylon (Pleiades 893951): certain[6]
JerusalemJerusalem (Old City / City of David)DestinationLocation confidence: certainPleiades representative point: certain[7]

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Claims, evidence and classifications

Each claim is classified on its own. A classification describes the evidence for that specific claim, not for the event as a whole.

The itemised figures of the return list fall short of its stated total of 42,360 in all three versions: 29,818 (Ezra 2), 31,089 (Nehemiah 7), 30,143 (1 Esdras 5).

Strongly supportedMachine-proposedBiblical text

The Ezra and Nehemiah sums were recomputed for this unit from the WEB text (42 and 40 items: 29,818 and 31,089). Keil tabulates all three totals and Kidner (via Guzik) gives the same figures. The 1 Esdras sum was not recomputed because the WEB notes give variant readings for several items. Josephus gives a different total again: 42,462.

Supporting

  • Totals 29,818, 31,089, 30,143 against 42,360 in all three.[8]Strength: direct·pp. 45–46·Claim checked
  • The same three totals.[9]Strength: indirect·on 2:64 (Kidner)·Claim checked

Context

  • Total of returnees 42,462.[10]Strength: direct·Ant. 11.1.3·Claim checked
  • Total 42,360 "from twelve years old and upward".[3]Strength: direct·1 Esd 5:41·Claim checked

Research date 2026-10-13

The shortfall between the itemised figures and the total of 42,360 results from copying errors rather than from groups left out of the items.

DisputedOwner review pendingHistorical reconstructionIn owner review queue

Keil attributes the differences to clerical errors and rejects two alternatives he reports: that the total adds Israelites of the northern tribes (Seder Olam, Rashi, Ussher) and that it counts ages 12–20 (J. D. Michaelis, from 1 Esd 5:41). Kidner (via Guzik) lists further suggestions (women, adolescents) and notes that the narrative is silent. Batten sees the Chronicler's fondness for large numbers in the figures.

Supporting

  • "Undoubtedly owing to mere clerical errors."[8]Strength: indirect·pp. 45–46·Claim checked

Challenging

  • Seder Olam, Rashi and Ussher: the total includes members of the northern tribes.[8]Strength: indirect·p. 45·Claim checked

Context

  • Kidner: explanations as northern tribes, women or adolescents; "the narrative is silent".[9]Strength: indirect·on 2:64·Claim checked
  • The figures show the Chronicler's fondness for large numbers.[2]Strength: indirect·p. 101·Claim checked

Research date 2026-10-13

The returnees of Ezra 2 came up under Cyrus (from 538 BC) rather than under Darius I.

DisputedOwner review pendingHistorical reconstructionIn owner review queue

Ezra's narrative attaches the list to the return after Cyrus's decree; 1 Esdras 5:1–6 (followed by Josephus) sends Zorobabel and the listed families up in Darius's second year; Ryle suggests a later second contingent under Zerubbabel; Batten finds features suggesting a date later than Cyrus. No external document dates the list.

Supporting

  • Treats the list as the first return under Cyrus.[8]Strength: indirect·pp. 45–55·Claim checked

Challenging

  • The families go up under Darius, after Zorobabel's speech in his second year.[3]Strength: direct·1 Esd 5:1–6·Claim checked
  • Follows 1 Esdras: Zorobabel's return after the contest before Darius.[11]Strength: direct·Ant. 11.3–4·Claim checked
  • qāhāl and the gifts suggest a date later than Cyrus.[2]Strength: indirect·pp. 101–103·Claim checked

Context

  • Zerubbabel perhaps led a second contingent.[1]Strength: indirect·Introduction·Claim checked

Research date 2026-10-13

The "darics" of Ezra 2:69 are Persian gold coins; their mention in a list of the 530s is debated.

Historically plausibleMachine-proposedExternal evidence

Ryle identifies them as the Persian gold daric but calls the derivation from Darius "far from certain"; Batten notes that some connect the word with the Greek drachma and that Smend thought the term must be a later introduction if the list is early. No numismatic evidence was read in this session.

Supporting

  • The Persian gold daric; derivation from Darius uncertain.[1]Strength: indirect·on 2:69·Claim checked

Context

  • Daric or drachma disputed; Smend: a later term if the list is early.[2]Strength: indirect·p. 101·Claim checked

Limitations of this classification: Numismatic literature on the earliest darics not read.

Research date 2026-10-13

Evidence by type

The same evidence regrouped by kind of source. Each item names the claims it bears on.

Archaeological evidence

None recorded for this event.

Scientific findings

None recorded for this event.

Ancient documents

Modern news and announcements

None recorded for this event.

Reference works and summaries

Historical disputes and competing reconstructions

Disputed claims: The shortfall between the itemised figures and the total of 42,360 results from copying errors rather than from groups left out of the items.The returnees of Ezra 2 came up under Cyrus (from 538 BC) rather than under Darius I.

  • The first return under Cyrus (538/537), led by Zerubbabel and Jeshua

    Ezra 1–3 (framework); C. F. Keil (1873); D. Guzik

    The list records those who came up after Cyrus's decree.[8, 9]

  • A return (or the list) dated to Darius I's reign

    1 Esdras 5:1–6; Josephus (following 1 Esdras); L. W. Batten (1913): features later than Cyrus

    1 Esdras sends Zorobabel up under Darius; Batten reads the list as reflecting a later, organised community.[2, 3, 11]

  • Two returns: Sheshbazzar's, then Zerubbabel's second contingent

    H. E. Ryle (1893), tentatively

    Sheshbazzar's position may have been temporary; Zerubbabel arrived later as resident governor.[1]

Related passages and events

FromRelationshipToBasis
this eventSame eventhigh · Biblical textNehemiah 7:6–73Nehemiah reproduces the same list ("the book of the genealogy of those who came up at the first", Neh 7:5), with different figures.
this eventSame eventmedium · Biblical textCyrus returns the Temple vessels to Sheshbazzar; the first return (Ezra 1:5–11)Ezra 1:11 ends with Sheshbazzar bringing up the vessels "when the captives were brought up"; Ezra 2 lists those who came up. Whether this is one return (Guzik; Keil) or two (Ryle, tentatively) is open.[1, 9]
Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5)Historical consequencehigh · Biblical textthis eventThe return follows the decree (Ezra 1:1–4; 1:5).
this eventThematic parallelmedium · InterpretationEzra 8:35Twelve leaders (Neh 7:7) and twelve bulls for all Israel (Kidner via Guzik).[9]
this eventFollowed byhigh · Biblical textThe altar rebuilt in Jerusalem and the Feast of Booths kept (Ezra 3:1–7)In the seventh month the settled people gathered in Jerusalem.

Prophetic relationships

No prophecy or proposed-fulfillment relationships have been recorded for this event.

Commentary references

Layer: Interpretation. This is commentary, not historical evidence.

Guzik takes the list as the first wave of repatriation, treats Zerubbabel and Sheshbazzar as probably the same person, and quotes Kidner on the three different itemised totals.[9]

Unanswered questions and research gaps

  • Murashu archives (via Yamauchi in Guzik) not read.
  • The 1 Esdras itemised total not recomputed (variant readings).
  • Numismatic evidence for darics not researched.
  • Whether Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel are the same person (under review on the vessels record).
  • Population of post-exilic Judah: estimates range from 20,000 (Albright) to 235,000 (Schultz) (Yamauchi via Guzik; not verified).

Research process

7 logged searches
DateQueryWhereUseful
2026-10-13WEB Ezra 2 and Nehemiah 7 (local; items summed by script)local text1
2026-10-13WEB 1 Esdras 5 (eBible)local text1
2026-10-13Keil, Ezra 1873 (archive.org)local text1
2026-10-13Ryle 1893 (archive.org)local text1
2026-10-13Batten ICC 1913 (archive.org)local text1
2026-10-13Josephus Ant. 11.1.3 (local Gutenberg)local text1
2026-10-13Enduring Word Ezra 2web fetch1

Sources

  1. 1.
    Ryle, Herbert Edward. The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah, with Introduction, Notes and Maps (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges). Cambridge University Press, 1893. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text.Verification log
  2. 2.
    Batten, Loring W.. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah (International Critical Commentary). T. & T. Clark / Scribner, 1913. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text.Verification log
  3. 3.
    World English Bible (translators). World English Bible — Apocrypha/Deuterocanon (1 Esdras 5). eBible.org. ebible.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textGreek parallel to Ezra 2–3; quoted only briefly.Verification log
  4. 4.
    Parker, Richard A., Dubberstein, Waldo H.. Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C.–A.D. 45 (SAOC 24). University of Chicago Press (Oriental Institute). archive.orgClaim checkedAcademic monographRead through the Internet Archive OCR text of the Oriental Institute PDF; OCR has digit errors (e.g. "589" for 539) checked against context. The 1956 revised edition was not consulted.Verification log
  5. 5.
    Lendering, Jona (ed.). ABC 7 (Nabonidus Chronicle) — English translation on Livius.org. Livius.org. www.livius.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textFull translation page read. The page gives no museum number and no Julian dates.Verification log
  6. 6.
    Pleiades contributors. Babylon — Pleiades place 893951. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 44.42497815, lat 32.53729695.Verification log
  7. 7.
    Pleiades contributors. Ierusalem/Hierosolyma — Pleiades place 687928. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 35.234978, lat 31.7771895.Verification log
  8. 8.
    Keil, C. F., Taylor, Sophia (trans.). Biblical Commentary on the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther (Clark's Foreign Theological Library). T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1873. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text.Verification log
  9. 9.
    Guzik, David. Ezra 2 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryInterpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log
  10. 10.
    Josephus, Whiston, William (trans.). Josephus, Antiquities 11.1.3 (trans. W. Whiston) — number of returnees. Project Gutenberg #2848. www.gutenberg.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textVerification log
  11. 11.
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