Biblical references
Text: World English Bible (public domain). The ESV and NKJV are the preferred study translations and are referenced, not reproduced.
1 The words of Amos, who was among the herdsmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the days of Uzziah king of Judah and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel, two years before the earthquake.
Dating reference for Amos's words.
5 You shall flee by the valley of my mountains, for the valley of the mountains shall reach to Azel. Yes, you shall flee, just like you fled from before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah. The LORD my God will come, and all the holy ones with you.
Recalled as a past flight, used as a comparison for a future event.
Connection: Zechariah explicitly recalls "the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah." The shared king and the definite article make identity with the Amos 1:1 earthquake likely; no other earthquake is dated to Uzziah in Scripture. (confidence: high)
Connection: The superscription uses "the earthquake" as a dating reference. (confidence: high)
Biblical account
Layer: Biblical text
Amos 1:1 dates the words Amos "saw" concerning Israel to the days of Uzziah king of Judah and Jeroboam son of Joash king of Israel, "two years before the earthquake." Zechariah 14:5 refers back to people fleeing "from before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah" as a comparison for a future flight. Neither text describes the earthquake itself.
Historical overview
Layer: Historical reconstruction · Period: Iron Age IIB, first half to middle of the 8th century BC (model-dependent)
The two texts tie the earthquake to the reign of Uzziah (Azariah) of Judah, and Amos 1:1 also to Jeroboam II of Israel. Major chronological reconstructions place these reigns in overlapping periods of the first half of the 8th century BC: Thiele (1983) dates Uzziah 792/791–740/739 BC including a coregency and Jeroboam II 793–753 BC including a coregency; Albright (1945) dates them 783–742 and 786–746 BC. These dates are reported here from secondary summaries of those works.[1, 2]
- Uzziah: King of Judah named in Amos 1:1 and Zechariah 14:5[1]
- Jeroboam II: King of Israel named in Amos 1:1[2]
Kingdoms: Kingdom of Judah, Kingdom of Israel (Northern Kingdom)
Date and chronology derivation
Ranges are computed by the project's deterministic chronology engine from the biblical statements and each model's reign anchors. They are reconstructions, not independent dates.
791 BC – 750 BC
Thiele (1983) divided-monarchy chronology · precision: reign
How this range was derived
Earliest bound
- reign of Uzziah began 792 BC–791 BC (Thiele (1983) divided-monarchy chronology) (2 Kings 15:2)[1, 3]Assumption: Thiele: coregency with Amaziah from 792/791 BC; sole reign 768/767; died 740/739. The reign interval here includes the coregency. Dates as reported by Wikipedia from the cited chronologist; the primary work was not accessed (see source access_notes).
- “in the days of Uzziah king of Judah” — Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1) during reign of Uzziah (Amos 1:1)Assumption: Uzziah's/Jeroboam II's 'days' are taken to include the coregency years of this model's reconstruction.
- “two years before the earthquake” — The earthquake in the days of Uzziah years later Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1) (Amos 1:1)Assumption: "Two years" is read as an elapsed interval of 1–2 years to allow for inclusive or exclusive ancient counting; the day and month are unknown. The dated "words" are treated as the start of the dated activity.
Latest bound
- reign of Jeroboam II ended 753 BC (Thiele (1983) divided-monarchy chronology) (2 Kings 14:23)[2, 3]Assumption: Thiele: coregent with Jehoash 793–782 BC; sole reign 782–753. Interval includes the coregency. Dates as reported by Wikipedia from the cited chronologist; the primary work was not accessed (see source access_notes).
- “in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel” — Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1) during reign of Jeroboam II (Amos 1:1)Assumption: Uzziah's/Jeroboam II's 'days' are taken to include the coregency years of this model's reconstruction.
- “two years before the earthquake” — The earthquake in the days of Uzziah years later Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1) (Amos 1:1)Assumption: "Two years" is read as an elapsed interval of 1–2 years to allow for inclusive or exclusive ancient counting; the day and month are unknown. The dated "words" are treated as the start of the dated activity.
782 BC – 743 BC
Albright (1945) divided-monarchy chronology · precision: reign
How this range was derived
Earliest bound
- reign of Uzziah began 783 BC (Albright (1945) divided-monarchy chronology) (2 Kings 15:2)[1, 4]Assumption: Albright: 783–742 BC. Dates as reported by Wikipedia from the cited chronologist; the primary work was not accessed (see source access_notes).
- “in the days of Uzziah king of Judah” — Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1) during reign of Uzziah (Amos 1:1)
- “two years before the earthquake” — The earthquake in the days of Uzziah years later Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1) (Amos 1:1)Assumption: "Two years" is read as an elapsed interval of 1–2 years to allow for inclusive or exclusive ancient counting; the day and month are unknown. The dated "words" are treated as the start of the dated activity.
Latest bound
- reign of Jeroboam II ended 746 BC (Albright (1945) divided-monarchy chronology) (2 Kings 14:23)[2, 4]Assumption: Albright: 786–746 BC. Dates as reported by Wikipedia from the cited chronologist; the primary work was not accessed (see source access_notes).
- “in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel” — Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1) during reign of Jeroboam II (Amos 1:1)
- “two years before the earthquake” — The earthquake in the days of Uzziah years later Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1) (Amos 1:1)Assumption: "Two years" is read as an elapsed interval of 1–2 years to allow for inclusive or exclusive ancient counting; the day and month are unknown. The dated "words" are treated as the start of the dated activity.
Without a chronology model, this event cannot be placed on an absolute timeline: the texts date it only relative to reigns.
What else was happening? (Thiele (1983) divided-monarchy chronology)
- Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1): 792 BC – 753 BC
- Uzziah (reign, Thiele (1983) divided-monarchy chronology): 792 BC – 739 BC
- Jeroboam II (reign, Thiele (1983) divided-monarchy chronology): 793 BC – 753 BC
- Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7): ? – 539 BC
- Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8): ? – 539 BC
What else was happening? (Albright (1945) divided-monarchy chronology)
- Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1): 783 BC – 746 BC
- Uzziah (reign, Albright (1945) divided-monarchy chronology): 783 BC – 742 BC
- Jeroboam II (reign, Albright (1945) divided-monarchy chronology): 786 BC – 746 BC
- Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7): ? – 539 BC
- Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8): ? – 539 BC
Ancient and modern geography
Location confidence assumes the event as described. Whether it occurred is assessed in the claims below.
| Place | Connection to this event | Location identification |
|---|---|---|
| JerusalemJerusalem (Old City / City of David) | Effects reported: flight (Zech 14:5, by implication from Jerusalem's vicinity); temple damage and landslide in Josephus; 8th-c. destruction layer announced from the City of DavidLocation confidence: proposed — possible | Pleiades representative point: certain[5] |
| HazorTel Hazor | Proposed archaeological evidence of mid-8th-c. earthquake damage (Stratum VI)Location confidence: proposed — possible | Tel Hazor (Pleiades): certain[6] |
| GezerTel Gezer | Proposed archaeological evidence of mid-8th-c. earthquake damage (city wall)Location confidence: proposed — possible | Tel Gezer (Pleiades "Gazara"): certain[7] |
| GathTell es-Safi / Tel Tzafit | Earthquake destruction c. 760 BCE reported by the excavators (Area F)Location confidence: probable | Tell es-Safi (Pleiades "Gimtu"): certain[8] |
Claims, evidence and classifications
Each claim is classified on its own. A classification describes the evidence for that specific claim, not for the event as a whole.
A strong earthquake (or earthquakes) damaged sites in the southern Levant in the middle of the 8th century BC.
Several independent lines point to seismic damage in this period: the excavators' report at Gath, a multi-site archaeological synthesis, a reported Jerusalem destruction layer, and Dead Sea paleoseismic records as reported by a specialist catalog. Material uncertainty remains about dating precision (~±30 years), the attribution of individual sites, and whether there was one event or two.
Supporting
- The Gath excavators state that a cataclysmic earthquake shook the region around 760 BCE, affecting the long-abandoned city atop Tell es-Safi.[9]Strength: direct·Opening paragraph, p. 48·Claim checkedLimitations: Only the opening paragraph was read; the stratigraphic and dating evidence was not examined.
- Austin et al. report earthquake-damaged masonry at six excavated sites stratigraphically confined to the mid-8th century BC (±~30 years), and infer a single regional event in 750 BC of magnitude ≥7.8, likely 8.2.[10]Strength: indirect·Abstract·Claim checkedLimitations: Abstract only. Synthesis of others' excavation data.
- An IAA excavation in the City of David reported an 8th-century BCE layer of vessels smashed by collapsing walls, with no signs of fire, and attributed it to an earthquake.[11]Strength: indirect·Announcement text·Claim checkedLimitations: Announcement, not a peer-reviewed report. Earthquake attribution inferred from the absence of fire.
- Williams reports that Kagan et al. (2011) observed two mid-8th-century BC seismites at three Dead Sea sites (Ein Feshkha, Ein Gedi, Ze'elim), separated by up to several decades. This supports seismic activity in the period but challenges the single-event reconstruction.[12]Strength: indirect·Summary section·Claim checkedLimitations: Secondary report: the Kagan abstract does not mention these seismites. A correction to Kagan et al. exists and was not read.
Context
- Williams reports critiques: Ambraseys (2009) judged the evidence for the magnitude overstated; Ben-Tor did not identify Yadin's earthquake indications at Hazor; Gezer wall displacement may be soil creep; several sites show possible construction-related site effects.[12]Strength: indirect·Archaeoseismic site list·Claim checkedLimitations: Secondary report; Ambraseys 2009 not accessed.
Limitations of this classification: Several lines are known only from abstracts or a secondary catalog. Site attributions to earthquake (vs. soil creep, construction defects, or human agency) are disputed at some sites. Archaeological dating windows are decades wide.
Research date 2026-10-12
The earthquake referred to in Amos 1:1 and Zechariah 14:5 is a mid-8th-century BC earthquake attested by archaeology and paleoseismology.
The texts' setting under Uzziah and Jeroboam II computes to roughly the 780s–740s BC under both modelled chronologies, which overlaps the mid-8th-century seismic evidence. No external record names the earthquake or ties a specific destruction layer to the biblical reference. If there were two events, which one the texts mean is unresolved.
Context
- Thiele and Albright both date Uzziah's reign within the first half to middle of the 8th century BC (Thiele 792/791–740/739 incl. coregency; Albright 783–742).[1]Strength: contextual·Reign and chronology sections·Claim checkedLimitations: Secondary summary of the chronologists.
- The Gath excavators state that a cataclysmic earthquake shook the region around 760 BCE, affecting the long-abandoned city atop Tell es-Safi.[9]Strength: direct·Opening paragraph, p. 48·Claim checkedLimitations: Only the opening paragraph was read; the stratigraphic and dating evidence was not examined.
- Austin et al. report earthquake-damaged masonry at six excavated sites stratigraphically confined to the mid-8th century BC (±~30 years), and infer a single regional event in 750 BC of magnitude ≥7.8, likely 8.2.[10]Strength: indirect·Abstract·Claim checkedLimitations: Abstract only. Synthesis of others' excavation data.
- Williams reports that Kagan et al. (2011) observed two mid-8th-century BC seismites at three Dead Sea sites (Ein Feshkha, Ein Gedi, Ze'elim), separated by up to several decades. This supports seismic activity in the period but challenges the single-event reconstruction.[12]Strength: indirect·Summary section·Claim checkedLimitations: Secondary report: the Kagan abstract does not mention these seismites. A correction to Kagan et al. exists and was not read.
Limitations of this classification: The identification rests on chronological overlap, not on direct attestation. Reign dates were consulted only through secondary summaries.
Research date 2026-10-12
There was a single regional earthquake of magnitude ~8 (≥7.8) with an epicentre in Lebanon in 750 BC.
Proposed by Austin et al. (2000). Williams reports that later paleoseismic work (Kagan et al. 2011) indicates two events decades apart, that the 750 BC date depends on a particular chronology and on Josephus's synchronisms, and that Ambraseys considered the magnitude overstated.
Supporting
- Austin et al. report earthquake-damaged masonry at six excavated sites stratigraphically confined to the mid-8th century BC (±~30 years), and infer a single regional event in 750 BC of magnitude ≥7.8, likely 8.2.[10]Strength: indirect·Abstract·Claim checkedLimitations: Abstract only. Synthesis of others' excavation data.
Challenging
- Williams reports that Kagan et al. (2011) observed two mid-8th-century BC seismites at three Dead Sea sites (Ein Feshkha, Ein Gedi, Ze'elim), separated by up to several decades. This supports seismic activity in the period but challenges the single-event reconstruction.[12]Strength: indirect·Summary section·Claim checkedLimitations: Secondary report: the Kagan abstract does not mention these seismites. A correction to Kagan et al. exists and was not read.
- Williams reports critiques: Ambraseys (2009) judged the evidence for the magnitude overstated; Ben-Tor did not identify Yadin's earthquake indications at Hazor; Gezer wall displacement may be soil creep; several sites show possible construction-related site effects.[12]Strength: indirect·Archaeoseismic site list·Claim checkedLimitations: Secondary report; Ambraseys 2009 not accessed.
Limitations of this classification: Neither Austin et al. nor Kagan et al. was read in full.
Research date 2026-10-12
The earthquake damaged Jerusalem.
An IAA excavation announced an 8th-century collapse layer without burning in the City of David and attributed it to an earthquake. No peer-reviewed publication of this attribution was identified. Josephus's account of temple and landslide damage is ~850 years later and not independent of the biblical tradition.
Supporting
- An IAA excavation in the City of David reported an 8th-century BCE layer of vessels smashed by collapsing walls, with no signs of fire, and attributed it to an earthquake.[11]Strength: indirect·Announcement text·Claim checkedLimitations: Announcement, not a peer-reviewed report. Earthquake attribution inferred from the absence of fire.
Context
- Josephus narrates that a great earthquake split the temple during Uzziah's incense attempt, and that a landslide at Eroge before the city blocked the roads and damaged the king's gardens.[13]Strength: contextual·Ant. 9.10.4 (Whiston)·Claim checkedLimitations: Written c. AD 93–94, about eight centuries later; his sources are not stated.
Limitations of this classification: The attribution to an earthquake rests on the absence of fire. The dating within the 8th century is not specified.
Research date 2026-10-12
The earthquake struck at the moment of Uzziah's unlawful incense offering in the temple (Josephus).
The only source for this link is Josephus (c. AD 93–94). The biblical account of the incense incident does not mention an earthquake, and no independent source linking the two was found. This is not a disproof.
Context
- Josephus narrates that a great earthquake split the temple during Uzziah's incense attempt, and that a landslide at Eroge before the city blocked the roads and damaged the king's gardens.[13]Strength: contextual·Ant. 9.10.4 (Whiston)·Claim checkedLimitations: Written c. AD 93–94, about eight centuries later; his sources are not stated.
Limitations of this classification: Rabbinic sources were not searched in this session.
Research date 2026-10-12
Evidence by type
The same evidence regrouped by kind of source. Each item names the claims it bears on.
Archaeological evidence
- The Gath excavators state that a cataclysmic earthquake shook the region around 760 BCE, affecting the long-abandoned city atop Tell es-Safi.[9]Bears on: supporting — “A strong earthquake (or earthquakes) damaged sites in the southern Lev…”; context — “The earthquake referred to in Amos 1:1 and Zechariah 14:5 is a mid-8th…”
Scientific findings
- Austin et al. report earthquake-damaged masonry at six excavated sites stratigraphically confined to the mid-8th century BC (±~30 years), and infer a single regional event in 750 BC of magnitude ≥7.8, likely 8.2.[10]Bears on: supporting — “A strong earthquake (or earthquakes) damaged sites in the southern Lev…”; context — “The earthquake referred to in Amos 1:1 and Zechariah 14:5 is a mid-8th…”; supporting — “There was a single regional earthquake of magnitude ~8 (≥7.8) with an …”
Ancient documents
- Josephus narrates that a great earthquake split the temple during Uzziah's incense attempt, and that a landslide at Eroge before the city blocked the roads and damaged the king's gardens.[13]Bears on: context — “The earthquake damaged Jerusalem.”; context — “The earthquake struck at the moment of Uzziah's unlawful incense offer…”
Modern news and announcements
- An IAA excavation in the City of David reported an 8th-century BCE layer of vessels smashed by collapsing walls, with no signs of fire, and attributed it to an earthquake.[11]Bears on: supporting — “A strong earthquake (or earthquakes) damaged sites in the southern Lev…”; supporting — “The earthquake damaged Jerusalem.”
Reference works and summaries
- Williams reports that Kagan et al. (2011) observed two mid-8th-century BC seismites at three Dead Sea sites (Ein Feshkha, Ein Gedi, Ze'elim), separated by up to several decades. This supports seismic activity in the period but challenges the single-event reconstruction.[12]Bears on: supporting — “A strong earthquake (or earthquakes) damaged sites in the southern Lev…”; context — “The earthquake referred to in Amos 1:1 and Zechariah 14:5 is a mid-8th…”; challenging — “There was a single regional earthquake of magnitude ~8 (≥7.8) with an …”
- Williams reports critiques: Ambraseys (2009) judged the evidence for the magnitude overstated; Ben-Tor did not identify Yadin's earthquake indications at Hazor; Gezer wall displacement may be soil creep; several sites show possible construction-related site effects.[12]Bears on: context — “A strong earthquake (or earthquakes) damaged sites in the southern Lev…”; challenging — “There was a single regional earthquake of magnitude ~8 (≥7.8) with an …”
- Thiele and Albright both date Uzziah's reign within the first half to middle of the 8th century BC (Thiele 792/791–740/739 incl. coregency; Albright 783–742).[1]Bears on: context — “The earthquake referred to in Amos 1:1 and Zechariah 14:5 is a mid-8th…”
Historical disputes and competing reconstructions
Disputed claims: There was a single regional earthquake of magnitude ~8 (≥7.8) with an epicentre in Lebanon in 750 BC.
Single great earthquake in 750 BC
S. A. Austin; G. W. Franz; E. G. Frost (2000)
Debris at six sites (Hazor, Deir Alla, Gezer, Lachish, Tell Judeideh, En Haseva) is confined to the mid-8th century with ~30-year errors; a single regional event in 750 BC with an epicentre probably in Lebanon and magnitude ≥7.8, likely 8.2. Williams reports that the 750 BC date relies on Thiele's chronology and Josephus's synchronisms.[10, 12]
Two earthquakes a few decades apart in the mid-8th century
E. Kagan et al. (2011), as reported by J. Williams
Williams reports that Kagan et al. found two mid-8th-century BC seismites at three Dead Sea sites, separated by up to several decades, and that Deir Alla shows two earthquake phases. The Kagan abstract itself does not state this, so this reconstruction is unconfirmed at source here.[12, 14]
Earthquake c. 760 BCE
J. R. Chadwick and A. M. Maeir (2018); A. Ben-Menahem (1991, via Williams)
The Gath excavators place a regional earthquake around 760 BCE. Williams reports that Ben-Menahem proposed 759 BCE, assuming the incense incident fell on the eve of Sukkot.[9, 12]
Magnitude and extent overstated; some damage has other causes
N. Ambraseys (2009, via Williams); A. Ben-Tor (via Williams, on Hazor)
Williams reports that Ambraseys judged the textual and archaeological evidence for the magnitude overstated. He also reports that Ben-Tor did not identify Yadin's earthquake indications at Hazor, and that alternatives such as soil creep at Gezer and construction-related site effects have been proposed for several sites.[12, 15]
Josephus: the earthquake struck during Uzziah's incense offence
Flavius Josephus (c. AD 93–94)
Josephus ties the earthquake to Uzziah's attempt to burn incense, with a temple fissure and a landslide at "Eroge". The biblical account of that incident (2 Chr 26:16–21) does not mention an earthquake. Under Thiele's dates Uzziah's leprosy (751/750) falls near the end of the computed window, while other reconstructions place the earthquake earlier.[1, 13]
Related passages and events
| From | Relationship | To | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zechariah 14:5 | Direct referencehigh · Biblical text | this event | Zechariah explicitly recalls "the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah." The shared king and the definite article make identity with the Amos 1:1 earthquake likely; no other earthquake is dated to Uzziah in Scripture. |
| Amos 1:1 | Direct referencehigh · Biblical text | this event | The superscription uses "the earthquake" as a dating reference. |
| this event | Same periodhigh · Biblical text | 2 Kings 15:1–7 | Account of the reign of Azariah (Uzziah), the period in which both texts place the earthquake. |
| this event | Same periodhigh · Biblical text | 2 Chronicles 26:1–23 | Chronicler's account of Uzziah's reign. |
| this event | Same periodhigh · Biblical text | 2 Kings 14:23–29 | Account of the reign of Jeroboam II, named in Amos 1:1. |
| this event | Same periodspeculative · Interpretation | 2 Chronicles 26:16–21 | Josephus places the earthquake at the moment of Uzziah's incense offence; the biblical passage itself does not mention an earthquake.[13] |
| this event | Thematic parallellow · Interpretation | Amos 8:8 | Imagery of the land trembling and heaving in Amos's oracles. This is a thematic parallel only; no historical identity is claimed. |
| this event | Thematic parallellow · Interpretation | Amos 9:1 | Vision of striking the pillar tops "that the thresholds may shake". Thematic parallel only. |
| this event | Thematic parallellow · Interpretation | Amos 9:5 | The LORD touches the land "and it melts", rising and sinking like the Nile. Thematic parallel only. |
| this event | Preceded byhigh · Biblical text | Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1) | Amos 1:1 places the dated words two years before the earthquake. |
| this event | Same periodhigh · Biblical text | Hosea 1:1 | Hosea's superscription dates his ministry to Uzziah (among other kings of Judah) and Jeroboam II: a prophetic ministry in the same period. No reference to the earthquake. |
| this event | Same periodhigh · Biblical text | Isaiah 1:1 | Isaiah's superscription begins in the days of Uzziah: the same period. No reference to the earthquake. |
Prophetic relationships
No prophecy or proposed-fulfillment relationships have been recorded for this event.
Commentary references
Layer: Interpretation. This is commentary, not historical evidence.
Guzik presents Amos as a working sheep breeder from Tekoa called directly by God and places his ministry roughly 760–750 B.C. under Uzziah and Jeroboam II. He treats "two years before the earthquake" as of little help for dating, citing James Boice's remark that no independent record of the earthquake was known.[16]
Unanswered questions and research gaps
- Full texts of Austin et al. 2000, Kagan et al. 2011 (and its correction) and Ambraseys 2009 were not accessed.
- Original Hazor (Yadin), Gezer and Lachish excavation reports were not consulted; site details come from Williams' catalog.
- Dever 1992 (Eretz-Israel 23), cited in the literature on the c. 760 BCE earthquake, could not be located in Crossref.
- No peer-reviewed publication of the City of David earthquake layer was identified.
- No Assyrian or Babylonian textual record of the earthquake was found in this session.
- Do the two mid-8th-century Dead Sea seismites reported by Williams appear in Kagan et al. 2011 itself, with what ages, and does the published correction affect them?
- Which peer-reviewed or excavation publication reports the City of David destruction layer (Uziel and Chalaf)?
- Is the Amos 1:1 earthquake the earlier or the later of two events, if there were two?
- No lexical source has yet been recorded for Hebrew raʿash ("earthquake").
Research process
15 logged searches
| Date | Query | Where | Useful |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-12 | Austin Franz Frost 2000 "Amos's Earthquake" International Geology Review 750 B.C.Led to deadseaquake.info and ICR summaries; ICR is an advocacy source and was not used. | web | 3 |
| 2026-10-12 | Hazor stratum VI earthquake destruction Amos Yadin archaeoseismology | web | 2 |
| 2026-10-12 | City of David excavation evidence earthquake Amos Uzziah Israel Antiquities Authority 2022Press coverage dates the announcement to Aug 2021. | web | 2 |
| 2026-10-12 | Dead Sea sediment seismite 8th century BCE earthquake Amos Ze'elim Agnon | web | 2 |
| 2026-10-12 | Crossref bibliographic: Austin 2000; Kagan et al. 2011; Ken-Tor et al. 2001Found a published correction to Kagan et al. 2011. | api.crossref.org | 3 |
| 2026-10-12 | Abstracts: Kagan 2011, its correction, Austin 2000Semantic Scholar abstracts elided; OpenAlex provided the Kagan abstract. | api.semanticscholar.org + api.openalex.org | 1 |
| 2026-10-12 | Israel Antiquities Authority press release City of David earthquake 8th century BCE Uziel ChalafFound the City of David announcement; no IAA page or peer-reviewed report found. | web | 1 |
| 2026-10-12 | Josephus Antiquities 9.10.4 Uzziah earthquake temple rent Eroge Whiston translationPrimary text read directly from Gutenberg #2848. | web + gutenberg.org | 1 |
| 2026-10-12 | Wikipedia: Uzziah; Jeroboam II (reign dates by chronologist)Galil dates not present; Albright used as second model. | web fetch | 2 |
| 2026-10-12 | Open Library: Thiele Mysterious Numbers; Galil Chronology of the Kings | openlibrary.org | 2 |
| 2026-10-12 | Crossref: Ambraseys 2009; Albright 1945; Chadwick & Maeir; Uziel & Chalaf; Dever 1992Dever 1992 (Eretz-Israel 23) not found in Crossref. | api.crossref.org | 4 |
| 2026-10-12 | OpenAlex abstracts: Chadwick & Maeir 2018; HA-ESI City of David reports 2020/2024; Austin 2000; Ambraseys 2009HA-ESI abstracts do not mention the earthquake layer. | api.openalex.org | 3 |
| 2026-10-12 | Enduring Word — Amos 1 | web fetch | 1 |
| 2026-10-12 | deadseaquake.info Amos Quakes entry (two passes, characters 0–200k)Remaining ~150k characters unread. | web fetch | 1 |
| 2026-10-12 | Assyrian eponym chronicle earthquake 8th century BC recordNo Assyrian record of an 8th-century earthquake found (only the 763 BC eclipse entry). | web | 0 |
Sources
- 1.Wikipedia contributors. Uzziah — Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. en.wikipedia.orgClaim checkedPopular summaryRead 2026-10-12. Used only to report chronologists' reign dates with their citations.Verification log
- 2.Wikipedia contributors. Jeroboam II — Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. en.wikipedia.orgClaim checkedPopular summaryRead 2026-10-12. Used only to report chronologists' reign dates.Verification log
- 3.Thiele, Edwin R.. The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (3rd ed.). Zondervan / Kregel. 1983. openlibrary.orgMetadata verifiedAcademic monographBook not accessed. Dates attributed to Thiele are taken from Wikipedia articles citing Thiele 1983 p. 217 (Uzziah) and Thiele (Jeroboam II).Verification log
- 4.Albright, William F.. The Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 100: 16–22. 1945-12. doi:10.2307/1355182Metadata verifiedScientific paperArticle not accessed. Albright dates are taken from Wikipedia articles citing this article.Verification log
- 5.Pleiades contributors. Ierusalem/Hierosolyma — Pleiades place 687928. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 35.234978, lat 31.7771895.Verification log
- 6.Pleiades contributors. Tel Hazor — Pleiades place 779967430. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 35.566769, lat 33.019181.Verification log
- 7.Pleiades contributors. Gazara (Gezer) — Pleiades place 687904. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 34.920993, lat 31.859791.Verification log
- 8.Pleiades contributors. Gimtu (Gath, Tell es-Safi) — Pleiades place 889522884. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 34.8474, lat 31.70198.Verification log
- 9.Chadwick, Jeffrey R., Maeir, Aren M.. Judahite Gath in the Eighth Century B.C.E.: Finds in Area F from the Earthquake to the Assyrians. Near Eastern Archaeology 81(1): 48–54. University of Chicago Press for ASOR. 2018-03. doi:10.5615/neareastarch.81.1.0048Claim checkedExcavation reportOnly the opening paragraph (supplied as abstract via OpenAlex) was read; the article body was not accessed.Verification log
- 10.Austin, Steven A., Franz, Gordon W., Frost, Eric G.. Amos's Earthquake: An Extraordinary Middle East Seismic Event of 750 B.C.. International Geology Review 42(7): 657–671. Taylor & Francis. 2000-07. doi:10.1080/00206810009465104Claim checkedScientific paperAbstract only (via OpenAlex). Full text paywalled and NOT read. Authors are affiliated with creationist/advocacy organizations per secondary reports; their framing is noted, their data claims are evaluated on the evidence.Verification log
- 11.Evidence of the earthquake from the days of King Uzziah found in the City of David (announcement). City of David. cityofdavid.org.ilClaim checkedNews reportAnnouncement of an Israel Antiquities Authority excavation (directors J. Uziel and O. Chalaf). Page displays date 23 March 2026, while press coverage (e.g. Israel Hayom, 4 Aug 2021) dates the announcement to August 2021 — the page appears re-posted. No peer-reviewed publication is cited; the underlying excavation publication was not identified (reports_on_source_id left empty deliberately).Verification log
- 12.Williams, Jefferson. Amos Quake(s) — Earthquake Catalog of the Dead Sea (entry). deadseaquake.info (self-published research catalog). deadseaquake.infoClaim checkedHistorical referenceRead characters 0–200,000 of a ~350,000-character page (summary, archaeoseismic site list, critiques). Remaining portion not read. Secondary compilation: its citations of Kagan et al. 2011, Ambraseys 2009, Ben-Menahem 1991 and site reports were not verified at source unless separately registered.Verification log
- 13.Flavius Josephus, Whiston, William (translator). Antiquities of the Jews, Book IX, chapter 10, §4 (trans. William Whiston). Project Gutenberg eBook #2848. c. AD 93–94 (original); Whiston translation 1737. www.gutenberg.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textFull passage read in the Gutenberg plain-text edition.Verification log
- 14.Kagan, Elisa, Stein, Mordechai, Agnon, Amotz, Neumann, Frank. Intrabasin paleoearthquake and quiescence correlation of the late Holocene Dead Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 116(B4): B04311. American Geophysical Union / Wiley. 2011-04-21. doi:10.1029/2010JB007452Source accessedScientific paperAbstract only (via OpenAlex). The abstract lists intrabasin seismites back to the mid-2nd century BC and does NOT mention mid-8th-century BC seismites; that claim is known here only from a secondary catalog (Williams). Publisher page returned HTTP 403. A published correction exists (doi:10.1029/2011JB008870), content not accessed.Verification log
- 15.Ambraseys, Nicholas. Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: A Multidisciplinary Study of Seismicity up to 1900. Cambridge University Press. 2009-10-22. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139195430Metadata verifiedAcademic monographNot accessed. Its assessment of the Amos earthquake is known here only via Williams (deadseaquake.info).Verification log
- 16.Guzik, David. Amos 1 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryCommentary on Amos 1:1 read. Interpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log