Connections
Cross-reference network
Typed relationships between events and passages, each with its provenance and confidence. A thematic parallel never implies historical identity.
| Event | Relationship | Confidence / layer | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Direct reference — Zechariah 14:5 | high · Biblical text | Zechariah explicitly recalls "the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah." The shared king and the definite article make identity with the Amos 1:1 earthquake likely; no other earthquake is dated to Uzziah in Scripture. |
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Direct reference — Amos 1:1 | high · Biblical text | The superscription uses "the earthquake" as a dating reference. |
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Same period — 2 Kings 15:1–7 | high · Biblical text | Account of the reign of Azariah (Uzziah), the period in which both texts place the earthquake. |
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Same period — 2 Chronicles 26:1–23 | high · Biblical text | Chronicler's account of Uzziah's reign. |
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Same period — 2 Kings 14:23–29 | high · Biblical text | Account of the reign of Jeroboam II, named in Amos 1:1. |
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Same period — 2 Chronicles 26:16–21 | speculative · Interpretation | Josephus places the earthquake at the moment of Uzziah's incense offence; the biblical passage itself does not mention an earthquake. |
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Thematic parallel — Amos 8:8 | low · Interpretation | Imagery of the land trembling and heaving in Amos's oracles. This is a thematic parallel only; no historical identity is claimed. |
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Thematic parallel — Amos 9:1 | low · Interpretation | Vision of striking the pillar tops "that the thresholds may shake". Thematic parallel only. |
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Thematic parallel — Amos 9:5 | low · Interpretation | The LORD touches the land "and it melts", rising and sinking like the Nile. Thematic parallel only. |
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Preceded by — Amos's prophetic words (dated by Amos 1:1) | high · Biblical text | Amos 1:1 places the dated words two years before the earthquake. |
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Same period — Hosea 1:1 | high · Biblical text | Hosea's superscription dates his ministry to Uzziah (among other kings of Judah) and Jeroboam II: a prophetic ministry in the same period. No reference to the earthquake. |
| The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | Same period — Isaiah 1:1 | high · Biblical text | Isaiah's superscription begins in the days of Uzziah: the same period. No reference to the earthquake. |
| Battle of Carchemish (605 BC) | Direct reference — Jeremiah 46:2 | high · Biblical text | Names Necho's army at Carchemish struck by Nebuchadnezzar. |
| Battle of Carchemish (605 BC) | Historical consequence — 2 Kings 24:7 | medium · Historical reconstruction | "The king of Egypt didn't come out of his land any more" reflects Babylonian control from the Brook of Egypt to the Euphrates after Carchemish. |
| Battle of Carchemish (605 BC) | Same location — 2 Chronicles 35:20 | high · Biblical text | Necho's earlier march to Carchemish (609 BC, when Josiah died) — a distinct campaign at the same place. |
| Battle of Carchemish (605 BC) | Same period — Jeremiah 25:1 | high · Biblical text | Jehoiakim's fourth year, equated with Nebuchadnezzar's first. |
| Training of Judean youths at the Babylonian court (Dan 1:3–7, 17–20) | Proposed fulfillment — Isaiah 39:7 | medium · Interpretation | Isaiah's word that Hezekiah's descendants would be "eunuchs in the king of Babylon's palace" is read as fulfilled in the royal youths of Dan 1:3. Collins (via Wikipedia) notes the possible connection without treating it as the inspiration. |
| Training of Judean youths at the Babylonian court (Dan 1:3–7, 17–20) | Possible identity — Daniel | low · Historical reconstruction | Ezekiel's "Daniel" (dnʾl) may be this exile or, as many scholars argue, the legendary Ugaritic Danel. |
| Training of Judean youths at the Babylonian court (Dan 1:3–7, 17–20) | Possible identity — Daniel | low · Historical reconstruction | "Wiser than Daniel" — same identification question as Ezek 14:14. |
| Training of Judean youths at the Babylonian court (Dan 1:3–7, 17–20) | Followed by — Daniel 2:1 | medium · Biblical text | Nebuchadnezzar's dream in his second year follows; how it fits the three-year training is a chronology question for Daniel 2. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's campaign against Jerusalem in Jehoiakim's third year (Dan 1:1–2) | Possible identity — 2 Kings 24:1 | medium · Historical reconstruction | "In his days Nebuchadnezzar came up, and Jehoiakim became his servant three years" may describe the same submission; Kings gives no year. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's campaign against Jerusalem in Jehoiakim's third year (Dan 1:1–2) | Possible identity — 2 Chronicles 36:6–7 | low · Historical reconstruction | Chronicles has Jehoiakim bound to be taken to Babylon and vessels removed, without a date; Collins (via Wikipedia) suggests Daniel drew on this passage. It may instead refer to 598/597. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's campaign against Jerusalem in Jehoiakim's third year (Dan 1:1–2) | Same period — Battle of Carchemish (605 BC) | medium · Historical reconstruction | If Dan 1:1 refers to 605/604, the campaign followed Carchemish. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's campaign against Jerusalem in Jehoiakim's third year (Dan 1:1–2) | Same period — Jeremiah 25:1 | high · Biblical text | Jehoiakim's fourth year (Jeremiah) vs third year (Daniel): see the reckoning comparison. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's campaign against Jerusalem in Jehoiakim's third year (Dan 1:1–2) | Followed by — Training of Judean youths at the Babylonian court (Dan 1:3–7, 17–20) | high · Biblical text | The youths are taken from the captives of this campaign. |
| Daniel's refusal of the king's food and the ten-day test (Dan 1:8–16) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 10:3 | medium · Interpretation | Daniel abstains from rich food and wine again in 10:3 — a thematic parallel within the book. |
| The word to Jeremiah in Jehoiakim's fourth year, Nebuchadnezzar's first (Jer 25:1–14) | Direct reference — Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2) | high · Biblical text | The seventy-year word is spoken in this oracle (25:11–12). |
| The word to Jeremiah in Jehoiakim's fourth year, Nebuchadnezzar's first (Jer 25:1–14) | Direct reference — The cup of the wine of wrath for the nations (Jer 25:15–38) | high · Biblical text | The cup of wrath follows in the same chapter. |
| The word to Jeremiah in Jehoiakim's fourth year, Nebuchadnezzar's first (Jer 25:1–14) | Same period — Nebuchadnezzar's campaign against Jerusalem in Jehoiakim's third year (Dan 1:1–2) | medium · Historical reconstruction | Jer 25:1 (Jehoiakim's 4th year) and Dan 1:1 (his 3rd year) refer to 605/604 under different reckonings — the SPEC 12.4 test solved on this dossier. |
| The word to Jeremiah in Jehoiakim's fourth year, Nebuchadnezzar's first (Jer 25:1–14) | Same period — Battle of Carchemish (605 BC) | high · Biblical text | Jer 46:2 dates Carchemish to the same fourth year of Jehoiakim. |
| The word to Jeremiah in Jehoiakim's fourth year, Nebuchadnezzar's first (Jer 25:1–14) | Thematic parallel — Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19) | high · Biblical text | Daniel reads this word in the books (Dan 9:2). |
| Nebuchadnezzar's dream and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 2:1–45) | Prophecy reference — The four kingdoms and the everlasting kingdom (Dan 2:36–45) | high · Biblical text | The interpretation given in the narrative (2:36–45). |
| Nebuchadnezzar's dream and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 2:1–45) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 7:1–28 | high · Interpretation | Daniel 7's four beasts parallel the four metals; most interpreters of every approach take them to denote the same four kingdoms, and the two chapters frame the Aramaic section. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's dream and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 2:1–45) | Thematic parallel — Genesis 41:1–36 | medium · Interpretation | A foreign king's dream that native experts cannot interpret is explained by a Hebrew exile who credits God (cf. Joseph and Pharaoh). Thematic parallel only. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's dream and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 2:1–45) | Prophecy reference — Luke 20:18 | low · Interpretation | Jesus' saying about the stone that crushes whoever it falls on is read by many Christian interpreters as alluding to the stone of Dan 2:34–35, 44–45. |
| Daniel appointed over the province of Babylon (Dan 2:46–49) | Thematic parallel — Genesis 41:39–45 | medium · Interpretation | Joseph's elevation by Pharaoh after interpreting his dreams. Thematic parallel only. |
| Daniel appointed over the province of Babylon (Dan 2:46–49) | Followed by — Daniel 3:12 | high · Biblical text | The companions' appointment over the province is presupposed in Daniel 3:12. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 2:31–45 | medium · Interpretation | An all-gold image after the dream's head of gold; interpreters (e.g. Guzik) read it as a response to chapter 2. Thematic link only. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 6:7–9 | medium · Interpretation | Daniel 6 pairs with Daniel 3 in the chiastic structure of chapters 2–7 (a royal decree enforcing worship and a deliverance). |
| Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7) | Same period — Jeremiah 52:29 | low · Historical reconstruction | Only under the Septuagint date (Nebuchadnezzar's 18th year), the year of a deportation from Jerusalem in Jer 52:29. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7) | Child event — The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27) | high · Biblical text | The refusal and furnace narrative belongs to the dedication. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's decree honouring the God of the three Judeans (Dan 3:28–30) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 6:26–27 | medium · Biblical text | Darius's decree after Daniel's deliverance mirrors this decree. |
| The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27) | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 29:22 | medium · Biblical text | A king of Babylon "roasted in the fire" Zedekiah and Ahab, false prophets in exile — a distinct event involving the same punishment. |
| The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27) | Thematic parallel — Isaiah 43:2 | low · Interpretation | "When you walk through the fire, you will not be burned" — a promise often read alongside the deliverance. Thematic only. |
| The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27) | Thematic parallel — Hebrews 11:34 | medium · Interpretation | Hebrews lists those who "quenched the power of fire" among the faithful, commonly referred to this episode. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the great tree and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 4:4–27) | Prophecy reference — The decree of the watchers against the king (Dan 4:19–27) | high · Biblical text | Daniel's interpretation within the narrative. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the great tree and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 4:4–27) | Thematic parallel — Ezekiel 31:1–18 | high · Interpretation | Pharaoh as a towering cedar felled for its pride (Seow, via Wikipedia). |
| Nebuchadnezzar's boast, madness and restoration (Dan 4:28–37) | Possible identity — Nabonidus | speculative · Historical reconstruction | Critical scholarship proposes that the afflicted king of the original tradition was Nabonidus (cf. 4Q242); the text names Nebuchadnezzar. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's boast, madness and restoration (Dan 4:28–37) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 5:18–21 | high · Biblical text | Daniel recalls Nebuchadnezzar's humbling to Belshazzar. |
| Nebuchadnezzar's boast, madness and restoration (Dan 4:28–37) | Preceded by — Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the great tree and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 4:4–27) | high · Biblical text | Twelve months after the dream (4:29). |
| Nebuchadnezzar's boast, madness and restoration (Dan 4:28–37) | Same period — Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7) | low · Historical reconstruction | Both are undated episodes of Nebuchadnezzar's reign; no sequence is stated between them. |
| Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) | Possible identity — Darius the Mede | speculative · Historical reconstruction | Proposed because Ugbaru led the entry into Babylon (ABC 7); he died within a month. |
| Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) | Possible identity — Darius the Mede | speculative · Historical reconstruction | Guzik and other conservative interpreters identify Darius with Gubaru, who appointed officials (cf. Dan 6:1). |
| Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) | Possible identity — Darius the Mede | speculative · Historical reconstruction | Wiseman (1965, read directly) reads Dan 6:28 appositionally and identifies Darius with Cyrus; Frye and Colless via Wikipedia. |
| Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) | Possible identity — Darius the Mede | speculative · Historical reconstruction | Josephus and Jerome, followed by Calvin, Ussher and Keil, link Darius to the son of Astyages known from Xenophon. |
| Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 51:11 | medium · Interpretation | Critical scholars argue the author drew the Medes into the story from prophecies that the Medes would take Babylon (Jer 51:11, 28; Isa 13:17). |
| Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) | Historical consequence — Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC) | medium · Historical reconstruction | Daniel links the end of Belshazzar's rule to the transfer of the kingdom (5:28–31); the dating to the night of the capture is an assumption. |
| Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) | Thematic parallel — Darius the Mede | medium · Biblical text | "Darius the Persian" — the only other qualified Darius in the canon; relevant to distinguishing Darius the Mede. |
| Daniel continues until the first year of King Cyrus (Dan 1:21) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 10:1 | high · Biblical text | Daniel 10:1 dates a vision to the third year of Cyrus, so 1:21 does not mark Daniel's death. |
| Daniel continues until the first year of King Cyrus (Dan 1:21) | Same period — Ezra 1:1–4 | high · Biblical text | Cyrus's decree for the return is dated to his first year. |
| Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall (Dan 5:1–29) | Direct reference — Nebuchadnezzar's campaign against Jerusalem in Jehoiakim's third year (Dan 1:1–2) | high · Biblical text | The vessels Nebuchadnezzar took from the Jerusalem temple (5:2; cf. 1:2). |
| Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall (Dan 5:1–29) | Direct reference — Nebuchadnezzar's boast, madness and restoration (Dan 4:28–37) | high · Biblical text | Daniel recalls Nebuchadnezzar's humbling (5:18–21). |
| Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall (Dan 5:1–29) | Direct reference — Daniel appointed over the province of Babylon (Dan 2:46–49) | high · Biblical text | The queen recalls Daniel's appointment as chief of the wise men (5:11; cf. 2:48). |
| Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall (Dan 5:1–29) | Prophecy reference — MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN (Dan 5:24–28) | high · Biblical text | The inscription and its interpretation within the narrative. |
| Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall (Dan 5:1–29) | Followed by — Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) | high · Biblical text | "In that night" (5:30). |
| Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall (Dan 5:1–29) | Thematic parallel — Ezra 1:7–11 | medium · Biblical text | Cyrus returns the temple vessels Nebuchadnezzar had taken. |
| Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC) | Proposed fulfillment — Isaiah 45:1–7 | medium · Interpretation | Guzik reads Isaiah's naming of Cyrus and the opening of gates before him (Isa 44:28–45:7) as fulfilled in the capture of Babylon. |
| Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC) | Proposed fulfillment — Jeremiah 51:57 | low · Interpretation | Guzik reads Jeremiah's oracle that Babylon's princes would be made drunk and "sleep a perpetual sleep" as fulfilled at the feast and fall. |
| Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC) | Source attestation — Babylonian Chronicle ABC 7 (Nabonidus Chronicle) | high · External evidence | Dated narrative of the capture. |
| Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC) | Artifact association — Cyrus Cylinder | high · External evidence | Cyrus's own account of his entry into Babylon. |
| Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC) | Thematic parallel — Isaiah 13:17–19 | medium · Biblical text | Oracle naming the Medes stirred up against Babylon (found by the "Medes" name search). Motif only; no fulfilment claim recorded here. |
| Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC) | Thematic parallel — Isaiah 21:2 | medium · Biblical text | Elam and Media summoned against Babylon; "Fallen, fallen is Babylon" (21:9). Motif only. |
| Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC) | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 51:28 | medium · Biblical text | "The kings of the Medes" prepared against Babylon. Motif only. |
| The thirty-day decree and Daniel in the lions' den (Dan 6:4–23) | Thematic parallel — Esther 8:8 | high · Biblical text | A sealed royal writing "may not be reversed by any man" (cf. Esth 1:19). |
| The thirty-day decree and Daniel in the lions' den (Dan 6:4–23) | Thematic parallel — 1 Kings 8:48 | high · Biblical text | Prayer toward Jerusalem from exile, as in Solomon's dedication prayer. |
| The thirty-day decree and Daniel in the lions' den (Dan 6:4–23) | Direct reference — Hebrews 11:33 | medium · Biblical text | Those who by faith "stopped the mouths of lions". |
| The thirty-day decree and Daniel in the lions' den (Dan 6:4–23) | Thematic parallel — The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27) | high · Interpretation | Same pattern: rivals, an edict, faithful refusal, deliverance and royal confession (Seow 2003, via Wikipedia). |
| Darius appoints 120 satraps and three chief officials (Dan 6:1–3, 28) | Preceded by — Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) | high · Biblical text | Darius receives the kingdom (5:31) and then organises it (6:1). |
| Darius appoints 120 satraps and three chief officials (Dan 6:1–3, 28) | Thematic parallel — Esther 1:1 | medium · Biblical text | Esther gives 127 provinces for the Persian empire under Ahasuerus; compared with Daniel's 120 satraps. |
| Darius appoints 120 satraps and three chief officials (Dan 6:1–3, 28) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 10:1 | high · Biblical text | Daniel is still active in Cyrus's third year, consistent with 6:28. |
| Darius appoints 120 satraps and three chief officials (Dan 6:1–3, 28) | Possible identity — Darius the Mede | speculative · Historical reconstruction | Critical scholars see Darius I as the model for the literary Darius the Mede (a source of the portrait, not a claim that the narrative describes Darius I's reign). |
| The accusers punished; Darius's decree honouring the God of Daniel (Dan 6:24–27) | Child event — The thirty-day decree and Daniel in the lions' den (Dan 6:4–23) | high · Biblical text | Consequence of Daniel's deliverance the same morning. |
| The accusers punished; Darius's decree honouring the God of Daniel (Dan 6:24–27) | Thematic parallel — Deuteronomy 24:16 | medium · Interpretation | Israelite law forbids punishing children for parents' crimes; contrasted with the Persian practice in 6:24. |
| The accusers punished; Darius's decree honouring the God of Daniel (Dan 6:24–27) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 4:3 | high · Biblical text | Royal doxology of an everlasting kingdom, as in Nebuchadnezzar's letter (4:3, 34) and the stone kingdom (2:44). |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Proposed fulfillment — The four kingdoms and the kingdom of the saints (Dan 7:17–18, 23, 27) | high · Interpretation | First beast = Babylon, by parallel with Dan 2:38 (head of gold = Nebuchadnezzar); accepted by every interpreter consulted. Not stated in Dan 7. |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Proposed fulfillment — The four kingdoms and the kingdom of the saints (Dan 7:17–18, 23, 27) | medium · Interpretation | Second beast = Media in the Grecian scheme. |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Proposed fulfillment — The four kingdoms and the kingdom of the saints (Dan 7:17–18, 23, 27) | medium · Interpretation | Second beast (Medo-Persia, Roman scheme) or third beast (Persia, Grecian scheme). |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Proposed fulfillment — The four kingdoms and the kingdom of the saints (Dan 7:17–18, 23, 27) | medium · Interpretation | Third beast (Roman scheme) or fourth beast with its successors (Grecian scheme; Porphyry). |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Proposed fulfillment — The four kingdoms and the kingdom of the saints (Dan 7:17–18, 23, 27) | medium · Interpretation | Fourth beast = Rome in the traditional scheme (2 Esdras 12:11 onward). |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Proposed fulfillment — The ten horns and the little horn: time, times and half a time (Dan 7:8, 20–26) | medium · Interpretation | Little horn = Antiochus IV in the Grecian scheme, matching the little horn of ch. 8. |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Proposed fulfillment — The ten horns and the little horn: time, times and half a time (Dan 7:8, 20–26) | medium · Interpretation | Ten horns = Seleucid kings (several reconstructions). |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Thematic parallel — The four kingdoms and the kingdom of the saints (Dan 7:17–18, 23, 27) | high · Interpretation | Four kingdoms followed by God's everlasting kingdom, as in the statue dream; "generally agreed" to be the same four (Driver p. 94). |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Direct reference — Mark 14:62 | high · Biblical text | "You will see the Son of Man … coming with the clouds of the sky" (cf. Matt 26:64). |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Direct reference — Matthew 24:30 | high · Biblical text | The Son of Man coming on the clouds (cf. Mark 13:26). |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Direct reference — Revelation 1:13–14 | high · Biblical text | "One like a son of man" with hair "white as white wool, like snow" — combining the son of man and the Ancient of Days. |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Direct reference — Revelation 13:1–7 | high · Biblical text | A beast from the sea with ten horns, leopard/bear/lion features, a mouth speaking great things, 42 months, war on the saints. |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Direct reference — Revelation 12:14 | high · Biblical text | "A time, times, and half a time." |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Thematic parallel — The ten horns and the little horn: time, times and half a time (Dan 7:8, 20–26) | high · Biblical text | The same period, "a time, times, and a half". |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Thematic parallel — The ten horns and the little horn: time, times and half a time (Dan 7:8, 20–26) | medium · Interpretation | The little horn of ch. 8; whether it is the same figure is the crux between the schemes (Driver; Newton). |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Direct reference — 2 Esdras (4 Ezra) | high · Biblical text | 2 Esdras 12:11–12: the eagle (Rome) "is the fourth kingdom which appeared in a vision to your brother Daniel". |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Thematic parallel — One like a son of man receives an everlasting dominion (Dan 7:13–14) | high · Biblical text | 2 Esdras 13:1–3: a man from the sea who "flew with the clouds of heaven". |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Thematic parallel — One like a son of man receives an everlasting dominion (Dan 7:13–14) | high · Biblical text | The Head of Days and the Son of Man (1 Enoch 46) reuse Dan 7:9–13. |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Preceded by — Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) | high · Biblical text | The vision is dated to Belshazzar's first year, before his death (5:30); Jerome notes chs. 7–8 are "historically prior" to chs. 5–6. |
| Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | Thematic parallel — Nebuchadnezzar's dream and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 2:1–45) | high · Biblical text | Parallel revelation of four kingdoms and God's kingdom. |
| Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | Proposed fulfillment — The ram, the goat and the four kingdoms (Dan 8:3–8, 20–22) | high · Interpretation | The great horn, "the first king" of Greece (8:21), is Alexander. |
| Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | Proposed fulfillment — The little horn and the king of fierce face (Dan 8:9–12, 23–25) | high · Interpretation | The little horn / king of fierce face is Antiochus IV. |
| Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | Proposed fulfillment — The little horn and the king of fierce face (Dan 8:9–12, 23–25) | low · Interpretation | The goat's little horn is Rome (historicist). |
| Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | Proposed fulfillment — 2,300 evenings and mornings until the sanctuary is cleansed (Dan 8:13–14, 26) | medium · Interpretation | The cleansing of the sanctuary after 2,300 evenings and mornings is the rededication of 25 Chislev 148 SE. |
| Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | Direct reference — The ram, the goat and the four kingdoms (Dan 8:3–8, 20–22) | high · Biblical text | The text names "Media" (8:20). |
| Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | Direct reference — The ram, the goat and the four kingdoms (Dan 8:3–8, 20–22) | high · Biblical text | The text names "Persia" (8:20). |
| Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | Direct reference — The ram, the goat and the four kingdoms (Dan 8:3–8, 20–22) | high · Biblical text | The text names "Greece" (Yavan, 8:21); recorded against the Macedonian empire as the Greek power of the period. |
| Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | Thematic parallel — The little horn and the king of fierce face (Dan 8:9–12, 23–25) | medium · Interpretation | Whether the little horns of chs. 7 and 8 are the same figure divides the Grecian and Roman schemes (Driver; Jerome; Newton). |
| Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | Thematic parallel — 2,300 evenings and mornings until the sanctuary is cleansed (Dan 8:13–14, 26) | high · Biblical text | Other numbered periods of the removed continual offering (1,290 and 1,335 days). |
| Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | Thematic parallel — Luke 1:19 | high · Biblical text | Gabriel, named first in Dan 8:16, reappears in Luke 1:19, 26. |
| Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | Preceded by — Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | high · Biblical text | "After that which appeared to me at the first" (8:1). |
| Rededication of the Temple by Judas Maccabaeus (25 Chislev 148 SE, 165/164 BC) | Source attestation — John 10:22 | high · Biblical text | The Feast of the Dedication commemorating the rededication. |
| Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8) | Direct reference — Nehemiah 6:15 | high · Biblical text | The wall completed on 25 Elul after 52 days. |
| Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8) | Preceded by — Hanani's report at Susa and Nehemiah's prayer (Chislev, Artaxerxes's 20th year) | high · Biblical text | Hanani's report in Chislev led to the petition in Nisan. |
| Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | Same event — 2 Chronicles 36:22–23 | high · Biblical text | Parallel wording of the proclamation. |
| Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | Followed by — Darius I confirms Cyrus's decree and orders the Temple completed (Ezra 6:1–12) | high · Biblical text | Darius finds and confirms Cyrus's memorandum (Ezra 6:1–12). |
| Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | Proposed fulfillment — Cyrus the LORD's shepherd and anointed (Isa 44:24–45:13) | high · Interpretation | Cyrus says of Jerusalem "She will be built" and frees the exiles (Isa 44:28; 45:13) — fulfilled in his first-year decree (Ezra 1:1–4). |
| Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | Proposed fulfillment — Cyrus the LORD's shepherd and anointed (Isa 44:24–45:13) | medium · Interpretation | Doors and gates opened before Cyrus (Isa 45:1–2) — Babylon's capture in 539 (Herodotus's river-gate account). |
| Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | Thematic parallel — Cyrus the LORD's shepherd and anointed (Isa 44:24–45:13) | high · External evidence | The Cylinder has Marduk take Cyrus by the hand and call his name (lines 12, 15); Isaiah has the LORD hold his right hand and call him by name (45:1–4). |
| Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | Thematic parallel — Cyrus the LORD's shepherd and anointed (Isa 44:24–45:13) | medium · Interpretation | Driver identifies the "anointed one, a prince" of Dan 9:25 with Cyrus, "Jehovah's anointed" (Isa 45:1). |
| Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | Thematic parallel — Cyrus the LORD's shepherd and anointed (Isa 44:24–45:13) | high · Biblical text | Isa 45:23 ("to me every knee shall bow") applied to Jesus. |
| The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15) | Thematic parallel — Zechariah 1:12 | high · Biblical text | "These seventy years" of indignation, spoken in Darius's second year. |
| The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15) | Preceded by — The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | high · Biblical text | Completion of the work whose foundation Ezra 3 narrates. |
| The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15) | Followed by — The returned exiles keep the Passover after the Temple's dedication (Ezra 6:19–22) | high · Biblical text | The Passover of the following first month. |
| The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15) | Thematic parallel — 1 Kings 8:62–64 | medium · Biblical text | Solomon's dedication sacrifices, vastly larger. |
| Darius I confirms Cyrus's decree and orders the Temple completed (Ezra 6:1–12) | Followed by — The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15) | high · Biblical text | The Temple was finished under the decree (Ezra 6:14–15). |
| Darius I confirms Cyrus's decree and orders the Temple completed (Ezra 6:1–12) | Thematic parallel — Haggai 1:1 | high · Biblical text | Haggai's call to rebuild in Darius's second year. |
| Darius I confirms Cyrus's decree and orders the Temple completed (Ezra 6:1–12) | Preceded by — Tattenai governor of Beyond the River inquires and writes to Darius (Ezra 5:3–17) | high · Biblical text | Darius searched the archives in response to Tattenai's letter. |
| Darius I confirms Cyrus's decree and orders the Temple completed (Ezra 6:1–12) | Direct reference — Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | high · Biblical text | The memorandum records Cyrus's first-year decree (cf. Ezra 1:2–4). |
| Darius I confirms Cyrus's decree and orders the Temple completed (Ezra 6:1–12) | Thematic parallel — Cyrus Cylinder (text) | medium · External evidence | Royal support for restoring local cults and requests for prayers for the king. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Proposed fulfillment — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Interpretation | "An anointed one, a prince" (9:25) is Cyrus, called the LORD's anointed in Isa 45:1. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Proposed fulfillment — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Interpretation | "An anointed one … cut off" (9:26) is the murdered high priest Onias III. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Proposed fulfillment — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Interpretation | "The prince who comes" and the one who stops the sacrifice (9:26–27) is Antiochus IV. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Proposed fulfillment — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Interpretation | "The people of the prince who comes" who destroy city and sanctuary (9:26) are the Romans (AD 70). |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Proposed fulfillment — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Interpretation | The sixty-nine weeks end "unto Messiah the Prince" at Jesus' entry into Jerusalem (6 April AD 32 in Anderson's reckoning). |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Proposed fulfillment — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Interpretation | "The Anointed One will be cut off" (9:26) is the crucifixion of Jesus. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Prophecy reference — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Interpretation | Cyrus's decree as the "going out of the word" or as the end of the first seven weeks. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Prophecy reference — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Interpretation | Artaxerxes' decree to Ezra (458/457) as the start of the 490 years. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Prophecy reference — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Interpretation | Artaxerxes' commission to Nehemiah (445/444) as the start of the 69 weeks. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Proposed fulfillment — Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2) | medium · Interpretation | Jeremiah's seventy years end with Babylon's fall (Jer 25:12). |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Proposed fulfillment — Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2) | medium · Interpretation | Cyrus's first-year proclamation accomplishes Jeremiah's word. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Proposed fulfillment — Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2) | medium · Interpretation | The seventy years of the Temple's desolation end with its completion in Darius's sixth year. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Preceded by — Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8) | high · Biblical text | Gabriel "whom I had seen in the vision at the beginning" (9:21; 8:16). |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Thematic parallel — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Interpretation | Montgomery equates the half-week with the 2,300 evenings and mornings (1,150 days); Clement (per Jerome) added the 2,300 days to the 490 years. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Thematic parallel — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Interpretation | In the Maccabean reading the one who stops the sacrifice is the same king as the little horn of ch. 8. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Thematic parallel — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | high · Biblical text | Jesus cites "the abomination of desolation, spoken of through Daniel the prophet". |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Thematic parallel — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | high · Biblical text | The continual burnt offering removed and "the abomination that makes desolate" set up. |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Thematic parallel — The seventy weeks (Dan 9:24–27) | medium · Biblical text | Seven sabbaths of years (49) — the jubilee pattern behind "seven weeks" (Newton). |
| Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27) | Thematic parallel — Luke 1:19 | high · Biblical text | Gabriel reappears in Luke 1:19, 26. |
| Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19) | Direct reference — Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2) | high · Biblical text | Daniel reads Jeremiah's word of seventy years (9:2). |
| Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19) | Direct reference — The word to Jeremiah in Jehoiakim's fourth year, Nebuchadnezzar's first (Jer 25:1–14) | high · Biblical text | The seventy-year word was given in Jehoiakim's fourth year (Jer 25:1, 11). |
| Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19) | Direct reference — Jeremiah 29:10 | high · Biblical text | The letter promising return "after seventy years are accomplished for Babylon". |
| Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19) | Thematic parallel — Nehemiah 9:6–37 | medium · Biblical text | Another post-exilic prayer of national confession in Deuteronomic language. |
| Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19) | Thematic parallel — Deuteronomy 28:15–68 | high · Biblical text | "The curse and the oath written in the law of Moses" (9:11). |
| Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19) | Preceded by — Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) | high · Biblical text | Darius had been made king over the Chaldeans (9:1; 5:31). |
| Artaxerxes' decree to Ezra in his seventh year (Ezra 7) | Followed by — Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8) | medium · Biblical text | Nehemiah's mission follows in the same king's 20th year (if both are Artaxerxes I). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The princes of Persia and Greece and Michael (Dan 10:13, 20–21) | low · Interpretation | The coming of "the prince of Greece" (10:20) corresponds to Alexander's Macedon overthrowing Persia. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Direct reference — The princes of Persia and Greece and Michael (Dan 10:13, 20–21) | high · Biblical text | The text names "the prince of the kingdom of Persia" (10:13). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Direct reference — The princes of Persia and Greece and Michael (Dan 10:13, 20–21) | medium · Biblical text | The text names "the prince of Greece" (Yavan, 10:20); recorded against the Macedonian empire as the Greek power of the period (as in Dan 8:21). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — The vision by the Tigris (Dan 10–12) | high · Biblical text | Eyes like flame, feet like bronze, voice like many waters/a multitude — the risen Jesus described in Daniel's imagery. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — The vision by the Tigris (Dan 10–12) | high · Biblical text | A man clothed in linen among Ezekiel's heavenly agents (Driver). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — The princes of Persia and Greece and Michael (Dan 10:13, 20–21) | medium · Interpretation | Nations allotted "according to the number of the angels/sons of God" (LXX) — Jerome's and Driver's key text. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — The princes of Persia and Greece and Michael (Dan 10:13, 20–21) | high · Biblical text | Michael and his angels at war in heaven. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — The princes of Persia and Greece and Michael (Dan 10:13, 20–21) | high · Biblical text | Michael the archangel disputing with the devil. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Preceded by — Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | medium · Historical reconstruction | Cyrus's first-year decree preceded his third year; Daniel is still in Babylonia (Guzik). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — Daniel continues until the first year of King Cyrus (Dan 1:21) | medium · Biblical text | Dan 1:21 ("until the first year of King Cyrus") and 10:1 ("third year of Cyrus") — Jerome harmonises them. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — Acts 9:7 | medium · Biblical text | Companions perceive something but do not see the vision (Jerome cites Acts 22). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — Four kings of Persia; the fourth stirs up all against Greece (Dan 11:2) | high · Interpretation | The rich fourth king who stirs up all against Greece (11:2) is Xerxes I. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — A mighty king and the fourfold division of his kingdom (Dan 11:3–4) | high · Interpretation | The mighty king whose kingdom is divided to the four winds (11:3–4) is Alexander the Great. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The kings of the south and the north (Dan 11:5–20) | high · Interpretation | "The king of the south" (11:5–20) is the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The kings of the south and the north (Dan 11:5–20) | high · Interpretation | "The king of the north" (11:6–20) is the Seleucid dynasty. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The kings of the south and the north (Dan 11:5–20) | medium · Interpretation | "The daughter of the king of the south" (11:6) is Berenice, married to Antiochus II. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The kings of the south and the north (Dan 11:5–20) | medium · Interpretation | "A shoot from her roots" (11:7) is her brother Ptolemy III. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The kings of the south and the north (Dan 11:5–20) | medium · Interpretation | The southern victory of 11:11–12 is Raphia (217 BC). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The kings of the south and the north (Dan 11:5–20) | medium · Interpretation | The northern capture of a fortified city and the glorious land (11:15–16) is Antiochus III's victory at Panium and the siege of Sidon. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The kings of the south and the north (Dan 11:5–20) | medium · Interpretation | "The daughter of women" (11:17) is Cleopatra I, given to Ptolemy V. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The kings of the south and the north (Dan 11:5–20) | medium · Interpretation | The commander who ends his reproach (11:18) is Lucius Scipio at Magnesia. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The kings of the south and the north (Dan 11:5–20) | medium · Interpretation | The raiser of taxes destroyed "not in battle" (11:20) is Seleucus IV, killed by Heliodorus's conspiracy. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The contemptible person (Dan 11:21–35) | high · Interpretation | The contemptible person (11:21–35) is Antiochus IV. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The contemptible person (Dan 11:21–35) | low · Interpretation | "The prince of the covenant" broken (11:22) is the high priest Onias III, deposed in 175. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The contemptible person (Dan 11:21–35) | medium · Interpretation | The "ships of Kittim" (11:30) are the Roman envoys under Popillius Laenas at Eleusis (168 BC). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The contemptible person (Dan 11:21–35) | high · Interpretation | "The abomination that makes desolate" (11:31) is the pagan altar of 15 Chislev 145 SE. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The contemptible person (Dan 11:21–35) | low · Interpretation | "A little help" (11:34) is Mattathias and his sons. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The contemptible person (Dan 11:21–35) | low · Interpretation | The "arms" that profane the sanctuary (11:31) are the Romans. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Proposed fulfillment — The king who exalts himself (Dan 11:36–45) | low · Interpretation | The king's end with no one to help (11:45) is the death of Antiochus IV (164 BC). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — The contemptible person (Dan 11:21–35) | medium · Interpretation | The contemptible person and the little horn of ch. 8 both remove the continual offering and desolate the sanctuary (Driver: the same king). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — The king who exalts himself (Dan 11:36–45) | medium · Interpretation | Speaking great things against the Most High (7:25; 11:36). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — The contemptible person (Dan 11:21–35) | medium · Interpretation | The abomination that makes desolate (9:27; 11:31). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — Four kings of Persia; the fourth stirs up all against Greece (Dan 11:2) | medium · Biblical text | The revelation opens with the Persia–Greece conflict announced in 10:20. |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — The king who exalts himself (Dan 11:36–45) | medium · Interpretation | The man of lawlessness who exalts himself above every god (Jerome; Guzik). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Direct reference — Four kings of Persia; the fourth stirs up all against Greece (Dan 11:2) | high · Biblical text | The text names Persia (11:2). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Direct reference — Four kings of Persia; the fourth stirs up all against Greece (Dan 11:2) | medium · Biblical text | The text names "the realm of Greece" (Yavan, 11:2). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — The contemptible person (Dan 11:21–35) | medium · Biblical text | "Ships shall come from the coast of Kittim" — the only other ship-of-Kittim oracle (name search "Kittim"). |
| Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | Thematic parallel — Four kings of Persia; the fourth stirs up all against Greece (Dan 11:2) | medium · Biblical text | Ezra names Cyrus, Darius, Ahasuerus and Artaxerxes as kings of Persia — the canonical list against which Dan 11:2 is read. |
| Desecration of the Temple: the "abomination of desolation" (15 Chislev 145 SE, 168/167 BC) | Followed by — Rededication of the Temple by Judas Maccabaeus (25 Chislev 148 SE, 165/164 BC) | high · External evidence | Three years and ten days later the altar was rededicated (1 Macc 4:52–54). |
| Desecration of the Temple: the "abomination of desolation" (15 Chislev 145 SE, 168/167 BC) | Thematic parallel — Matthew 24:15 | high · Biblical text | Jesus cites Daniel's "abomination of desolation" for a coming desolation. |
| Desecration of the Temple: the "abomination of desolation" (15 Chislev 145 SE, 168/167 BC) | Thematic parallel — Mark 13:14 | medium · Biblical text | Mark's parallel to Matt 24:15: "the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet". |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Proposed fulfillment — A time, times and a half; 1,290 and 1,335 days (Dan 12:7, 11–12) | low · Interpretation | The end of the 1,290 days from the desecration coincides roughly with the death of Antiochus IV (164 BC). |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Proposed fulfillment — A time, times and a half; 1,290 and 1,335 days (Dan 12:7, 11–12) | low · Interpretation | The 1,335th day marks the cleansing of the Temple after victory over Antiochus's generals. |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Proposed fulfillment — Michael, the time of trouble and the resurrection (Dan 12:1–3) | speculative · Interpretation | The "awakening" of 12:2 is the Maccabean loyalists' return to victory, read metaphorically. |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Direct reference — A time, times and a half; 1,290 and 1,335 days (Dan 12:7, 11–12) | medium · Interpretation | The text's starting point — "the continual burnt offering taken away and the abomination that makes desolate set up" — repeats 11:31; preterist interpreters identify it with 15 Chislev 145 SE, futurists with a future event. |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Thematic parallel — A time, times and a half; 1,290 and 1,335 days (Dan 12:7, 11–12) | high · Biblical text | Another number for the period of the removed continual offering (2,300 evenings and mornings, 8:14). |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Thematic parallel — A time, times and a half; 1,290 and 1,335 days (Dan 12:7, 11–12) | high · Biblical text | "A time, times and half a time" (7:25; 12:7). |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Thematic parallel — A time, times and a half; 1,290 and 1,335 days (Dan 12:7, 11–12) | medium · Interpretation | Half a week with the sacrifice made to cease (9:27) — linked by futurist and preterist readers alike. |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Thematic parallel — A time, times and a half; 1,290 and 1,335 days (Dan 12:7, 11–12) | high · Biblical text | 1,260 days in Revelation (also 11:3; "time, times and half a time" in 12:14). |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Thematic parallel — Michael, the time of trouble and the resurrection (Dan 12:1–3) | high · Biblical text | "Your dead shall live … awake and sing, you who dwell in the dust" (Driver). |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Thematic parallel — Michael, the time of trouble and the resurrection (Dan 12:1–3) | high · Biblical text | Those in the tombs come out, to a resurrection of life or of judgment. |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Thematic parallel — Michael, the time of trouble and the resurrection (Dan 12:1–3) | high · Biblical text | "Great tribulation, such as has not been from the beginning of the world" echoes 12:1. |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Thematic parallel — Michael, the time of trouble and the resurrection (Dan 12:1–3) | medium · Biblical text | The dead judged from what is written in the books (cf. "written in the book", 12:1). |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Thematic parallel — Michael, the time of trouble and the resurrection (Dan 12:1–3) | high · Biblical text | Michael, "your prince" (10:21), now "the great prince who stands for the children of your people". |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Thematic parallel — Michael, the time of trouble and the resurrection (Dan 12:1–3) | medium · Biblical text | "At that time" ties 12:1 to the end of the wilful king (11:45). |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Thematic parallel — Seal the book until the time of the end (Dan 12:4, 9) | medium · Biblical text | Contrast: "Don't seal up the words of the prophecy of this book". |
| The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13) | Preceded by — Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1) | high · Biblical text | The same vision by the river (10:4; 12:5–6). |
| Composition of the book of Daniel (date and authorship debated) | Direct reference — Matthew 24:15 | high · Biblical text | Jesus refers to "Daniel the prophet" — cited by traditional interpreters as a theological argument for authorship. |
| Composition of the book of Daniel (date and authorship debated) | Direct reference — Mark 13:14 | high · Biblical text | Mark's parallel: "spoken of by Daniel the prophet". |
| Composition of the book of Daniel (date and authorship debated) | Thematic parallel — Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7) | high · Biblical text | "He wrote the dream" (7:1); the Dan 7 claim about writing in Belshazzar's first year depends on the dating question. |
| Composition of the book of Daniel (date and authorship debated) | Thematic parallel — Daniel | medium · Biblical text | Second mention of Noah, Daniel and Job (name search); the identity question is under review on the Dan 1 event. |
| Nebuchadnezzar installs Mattaniah as King Zedekiah (2 Kgs 24:17–20) | Same event — Jeremiah 52:1–3 | high · Biblical text | Parallel: Zedekiah's age, reign and rebellion. |
| Nebuchadnezzar installs Mattaniah as King Zedekiah (2 Kgs 24:17–20) | Same event — 2 Chronicles 36:10–13 | high · Biblical text | Parallel in Chronicles (Zedekiah "his brother"). |
| Nebuchadnezzar installs Mattaniah as King Zedekiah (2 Kgs 24:17–20) | Followed by — The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year) | high · Biblical text | Zedekiah's rebellion led to the final siege. |
| Evil-merodach (Amēl-Marduk) releases Jehoiachin (561 BC) | Same event — Jeremiah 52:31–34 | high · Biblical text | Parallel account (twenty-fifth day). |
| Evil-merodach (Amēl-Marduk) releases Jehoiachin (561 BC) | Artifact association — Jehoiachin's ration tablets (Babylon) | medium · External evidence | Earlier ration lists show the same royal captive maintained at Babylon. |
| Evil-merodach (Amēl-Marduk) releases Jehoiachin (561 BC) | Thematic parallel — Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | low · Biblical text | The exile narrative continues with Cyrus's decree (2 Chr 36:22; Ezra 1). |
| Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26) | Same event — Jeremiah 40:5–41:18 | high · Biblical text | Jeremiah's fuller account of Gedaliah and his murder. |
| Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26) | Thematic parallel — Zechariah 7:5 | low · Interpretation | The fast of the seventh month, traditionally linked to Gedaliah's death (tradition not researched). |
| Jehoiakim submits to Nebuchadnezzar for three years, then rebels (2 Kgs 24:1–4) | Same event — 2 Chronicles 36:6 | medium · Biblical text | Chronicles' parallel: Nebuchadnezzar came up against Jehoiakim (manner differs). |
| Jehoiakim submits to Nebuchadnezzar for three years, then rebels (2 Kgs 24:1–4) | Thematic parallel — Nebuchadnezzar's campaign against Jerusalem in Jehoiakim's third year (Dan 1:1–2) | medium · Historical reconstruction | Daniel 1:1–2 dates a Babylonian move against Jehoiakim in his third year; the possible identity with 2 Kgs 24:1 is already under owner review on the Dan 1:1 record (not duplicated here). |
| Jehoiakim submits to Nebuchadnezzar for three years, then rebels (2 Kgs 24:1–4) | Preceded by — Battle of Carchemish (605 BC) | high · External evidence | 2 Kgs 24:7: Egypt lost Syria-Palestine to Babylon after Carchemish. |
| Jehoiakim submits to Nebuchadnezzar for three years, then rebels (2 Kgs 24:1–4) | Followed by — Death of Jehoiakim and the three-month reign of Jehoiachin (2 Kgs 24:5–9) | high · Biblical text | Jehoiakim's rebellion precedes his death. |
| The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year) | Same event — Jeremiah 52:6–11 | high · Biblical text | Parallel account. |
| The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year) | Same event — Jeremiah 39:2–7 | high · Biblical text | Parallel in Jeremiah 39. |
| The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year) | Thematic parallel — Ezekiel 12:13 | medium · Interpretation | "He will not see it, though he will die there" — read by Guzik as fulfilled in Zedekiah's blinding. |
| The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year) | Direct reference — Ezekiel 33:21 | high · Biblical text | News of the city's fall reaches Ezekiel in the twelfth year of the captivity (Young's key synchronism). |
| The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year) | Followed by — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | high · Biblical text | About a month later the Temple was burned. |
| The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year) | Same event — Jeremiah 52:4–5 | high · Biblical text | Parallel: same date. |
| The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year) | Same event — Jeremiah 39:1 | high · Biblical text | Parallel in Jeremiah 39. |
| The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year) | Direct reference — Ezekiel 24:1–2 | high · Biblical text | Ezekiel is told to write down the very day the king of Babylon besieged Jerusalem. |
| The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year) | Followed by — The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year) | high · Biblical text | The siege ended with the breach. |
| Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC) | Same event — 2 Chronicles 36:10 | high · Biblical text | Parallel: "at the turn of the year" Nebuchadnezzar brought Jehoiachin to Babylon. |
| Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC) | Same event — Jeremiah 52:28 | medium · Biblical text | The deportation of "the seventh year" (3,023 Jews) — the same event counted differently (Young). |
| Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC) | Artifact association — Jehoiachin's ration tablets (Babylon) | high · External evidence | Ration lists for the captive king Ya'u-kīnu at Babylon. |
| Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC) | Source attestation — Babylonian Chronicle ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle) | high · External evidence | ABC 5 records the capture of "the city of Judah" on 2 Adar year 7. |
| Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC) | Thematic parallel — Training of Judean youths at the Babylonian court (Dan 1:3–7, 17–20) | medium · Biblical text | Dan 1:3 has royal and noble youths at the Babylonian court; the ration lists attest Judean royals there from 592. |
| Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 1:2 | medium · Biblical text | Temple vessels taken to Babylon (cf. Dan 5:2–3; Ezra 1:7). |
| Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC) | Followed by — Nebuchadnezzar installs Mattaniah as King Zedekiah (2 Kgs 24:17–20) | high · Biblical text | Nebuchadnezzar installed Zedekiah after the capture. |
| Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | Same event — Jeremiah 52:12–27 | high · Biblical text | Parallel account (tenth day of the month; fuller inventory). |
| Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | Same event — 2 Chronicles 36:17–20 | high · Biblical text | Chronicles' summary of the destruction. |
| Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2) | medium · Interpretation | The Temple-desolation reading of Jeremiah's seventy years starts here (Zech 1:12; Jerome). |
| Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 9:2 | high · Biblical text | "The desolations of Jerusalem" for which Daniel prays. |
| Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | Thematic parallel — Lamentations 1:1–4 | medium · Biblical text | Lament over the desolate city. |
| Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | Followed by — Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26) | high · Biblical text | Gedaliah was appointed over the remnant. |
| Death of Jehoiakim and the three-month reign of Jehoiachin (2 Kgs 24:5–9) | Same event — 2 Chronicles 36:8–9 | high · Biblical text | Parallel: Jehoiachin's accession (age 8 in MT Chronicles; "three months and ten days"). |
| Death of Jehoiakim and the three-month reign of Jehoiachin (2 Kgs 24:5–9) | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 22:18–19 | medium · Biblical text | Jeremiah's oracle of Jehoiakim's dishonoured burial — differs from the Kings formula. |
| Death of Jehoiakim and the three-month reign of Jehoiachin (2 Kgs 24:5–9) | Followed by — Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC) | high · Biblical text | Three months later the city was taken. |
| Necho II deposes Jehoahaz and installs Jehoiakim (609 BC) | Same event — 2 Kings 23:31–35 | high · Biblical text | Kings' account of the same deposition (Riblah; tribute; Eliakim renamed). |
| Necho II deposes Jehoahaz and installs Jehoiakim (609 BC) | Direct reference — Jeremiah 22:10–12 | high · Biblical text | Jeremiah's oracle on Shallum (Jehoahaz), who will not return. |
| Necho II deposes Jehoahaz and installs Jehoiakim (609 BC) | Followed by — Jehoiakim submits to Nebuchadnezzar for three years, then rebels (2 Kgs 24:1–4) | high · Biblical text | Jehoiakim, installed by Necho, later became Nebuchadnezzar's servant. |
| The deportation of Nebuchadnezzar's twenty-third year (Jer 52:30) | Preceded by — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | high · Biblical text | The 18th-year deportation (Jer 52:29) is the one of the destruction; the 23rd-year deportation follows. |
| The deportation of Nebuchadnezzar's twenty-third year (Jer 52:30) | Same event — Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC) | medium · Historical reconstruction | The seventh-year deportation of 3,023 is the 597 deportation, counted from Nebuchadnezzar's first full year. |
| The deportation of Nebuchadnezzar's twenty-third year (Jer 52:30) | Same event — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | medium · Historical reconstruction | The eighteenth-year deportation of 832 from Jerusalem belongs to the destruction (Kings' nineteenth year). |
| Cyrus returns the Temple vessels to Sheshbazzar; the first return (Ezra 1:5–11) | Direct reference — Daniel 1:2 | high · Biblical text | Vessels Nebuchadnezzar put "in the house of his god" (Dan 1:2; Ezra 1:7). |
| Cyrus returns the Temple vessels to Sheshbazzar; the first return (Ezra 1:5–11) | Thematic parallel — Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall (Dan 5:1–29) | medium · Biblical text | Belshazzar drank from the Temple vessels (Dan 5:2–3); Cyrus returned them after Babylon fell. |
| Cyrus returns the Temple vessels to Sheshbazzar; the first return (Ezra 1:5–11) | Thematic parallel — Capture of Jerusalem and deportation of Jehoiachin (March 597 BC) | medium · Biblical text | Vessels taken in 597 (2 Kgs 24:13 says the gold ones were cut in pieces). |
| Cyrus returns the Temple vessels to Sheshbazzar; the first return (Ezra 1:5–11) | Possible identity — Sheshbazzar | low · Historical reconstruction | Sheshbazzar may be Zerubbabel (Ezra 3:8–10 vs 5:16) — claim under review. |
| Cyrus returns the Temple vessels to Sheshbazzar; the first return (Ezra 1:5–11) | Preceded by — Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | high · Biblical text | The return follows the proclamation. |
| The Passover of Josiah's eighteenth year | Same event — 2 Chronicles 35:1–19 | high · Biblical text | Chronicles' detailed parallel. |
| The Passover of Josiah's eighteenth year | Thematic parallel — 2 Chronicles 30:1–27 | medium · Interpretation | Hezekiah's Passover, not mentioned in Kings (Lumby). |
| The Passover of Josiah's eighteenth year | Thematic parallel — Deuteronomy 16:1–8 | medium · Biblical text | Passover at the place the LORD chooses. |
| Josiah desecrates Jeroboam's altar at Bethel and the high places of Samaria | Proposed fulfillment — The man of God from Judah against the altar of Bethel: "Josiah by name" (1 Kgs 13:1–3) | high · Interpretation | A son of David named Josiah would burn bones on Jeroboam's altar (1 Kgs 13:2) — stated as fulfilled in 2 Kgs 23:16. |
| Josiah desecrates Jeroboam's altar at Bethel and the high places of Samaria | Same event — 2 Chronicles 34:6–7 | medium · Biblical text | Chronicles: the purge reached the cities of Manasseh, Ephraim, Simeon and Naphtali. |
| Josiah desecrates Jeroboam's altar at Bethel and the high places of Samaria | Thematic parallel — 1 Kings 12:28–33 | high · Biblical text | Jeroboam's altar at Bethel established. |
| Josiah desecrates Jeroboam's altar at Bethel and the high places of Samaria | Followed by — The Passover of Josiah's eighteenth year | high · Biblical text | After returning to Jerusalem Josiah ordered the Passover. |
| Temple repairs and the finding of the book of the law (Josiah's 18th year) | Same event — 2 Chronicles 34:8–21 | high · Biblical text | Chronicles' parallel: repairs, the book found, read to the king. |
| Temple repairs and the finding of the book of the law (Josiah's 18th year) | Thematic parallel — Deuteronomy 31:24–26 | medium · Interpretation | The book of the law placed beside the ark (cited by Guzik). |
| Temple repairs and the finding of the book of the law (Josiah's 18th year) | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 1:1–2 | low · Interpretation | Jeremiah, son of Hilkiah, called in Josiah's 13th year; whether this Hilkiah is the high priest is not established. |
| Temple repairs and the finding of the book of the law (Josiah's 18th year) | Artifact association — City of David bulla: "Azariah son of Hilkiah" | low · External evidence | A Jerusalem bulla naming "Azariah son of Hilkiah" (reported). |
| Temple repairs and the finding of the book of the law (Josiah's 18th year) | Possible identity — City of David bulla: "Azariah son of Hilkiah" | low · External evidence | The bulla's "Hilkiah" may be the high priest of 2 Kgs 22 (father of Azariah, 1 Chr 6:13); the seal does not name him as priest. Recorded as possible, not merged. |
| Temple repairs and the finding of the book of the law (Josiah's 18th year) | Followed by — Josiah's delegation consults Huldah the prophetess | high · Biblical text | The king sent to inquire of the LORD. |
| Josiah's covenant and the purge of Jerusalem and Judah | Same event — 2 Chronicles 34:29–33 | high · Biblical text | Chronicles' parallel of the covenant. |
| Josiah's covenant and the purge of Jerusalem and Judah | Same event — 2 Chronicles 34:3–7 | medium · Biblical text | Chronicles places the purge from the twelfth year. |
| Josiah's covenant and the purge of Jerusalem and Judah | Thematic parallel — Zephaniah 1:4–6 | medium · Biblical text | Zephaniah, dated to Josiah's days (Zeph 1:1), condemns Baal, the kemarim, the host of heaven and Milcom — the same cults. |
| Josiah's covenant and the purge of Jerusalem and Judah | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 7:31 | medium · Biblical text | Topheth in the valley of Hinnom. |
| Josiah's covenant and the purge of Jerusalem and Judah | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 3:10 | medium · Interpretation | Judah returned "in pretense" in Josiah's days (Guzik). |
| Josiah's covenant and the purge of Jerusalem and Judah | Followed by — Josiah desecrates Jeroboam's altar at Bethel and the high places of Samaria | high · Biblical text | The reform extended to Bethel. |
| Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC) | Same event — 2 Chronicles 35:20–25 | high · Biblical text | Chronicles' parallel: Necho's warning, the archers, death after reaching Jerusalem. |
| Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC) | Source attestation — Babylonian Chronicle ABC 3 (Fall of Nineveh Chronicle) | medium · External evidence | ABC 3 records the 609 Egyptian campaign to Harran during which Josiah fell (Josiah not named). |
| Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC) | Direct reference — Zechariah 12:11 | low · Interpretation | The mourning of Hadad-rimmon in the valley of Megiddo — connected with Josiah by Clarke (via Guzik), Keil and Lumby. |
| Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC) | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 22:10–12 | high · Biblical text | "Don't weep for the dead" — Josiah — but for Shallum (Jehoahaz) who went away. |
| Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC) | Historical consequence — Necho II deposes Jehoahaz and installs Jehoiakim (609 BC) | high · Biblical text | Jehoahaz anointed after Josiah's death, deposed by Necho three months later. |
| Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC) | Preceded by — Battle of Carchemish (605 BC) | high · External evidence | Egypt's hold on Syria after 609 ended at Carchemish (605). |
| Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC) | Thematic parallel — Gedaliah son of Ahikam | low · Biblical text | Ahikam son of Shaphan (2 Kgs 22:12) was the father of Gedaliah the governor (2 Kgs 25:22) — the same court family spans Josiah's reign and the destruction. |
| Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC) | Thematic parallel — 2 Chronicles 18:29–34 | high · Interpretation | Josiah's death told like Ahab's: warning, disguise, archers, "I am wounded", the chariot (Curtis and Madsen; Selman via Guzik). |
| Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC) | Genealogical connection — 1 Chronicles 3:15 | medium · Biblical text | Josiah's sons Johanan, Jehoiakim, Zedekiah and Shallum (Jehoahaz) — the succession after his death. |
| Josiah's delegation consults Huldah the prophetess | Same event — 2 Chronicles 34:22–28 | high · Biblical text | Chronicles' parallel of Huldah's oracle. |
| Josiah's delegation consults Huldah the prophetess | Proposed fulfillment — Huldah's oracle: judgment on Jerusalem; Josiah gathered in peace (2 Kgs 22:15–20) | high · Interpretation | The evil announced on "this place" (2 Kgs 22:16–17) — the burning of Jerusalem and the Temple. |
| Josiah's delegation consults Huldah the prophetess | Proposed fulfillment — Huldah's oracle: judgment on Jerusalem; Josiah gathered in peace (2 Kgs 22:15–20) | medium · Interpretation | "Gathered to your grave in peace … your eyes will not see all the evil" (2 Kgs 22:20) — Josiah's death in 609, before the catastrophe. |
| Josiah's delegation consults Huldah the prophetess | Thematic parallel — 2 Kings 23:26–27 | high · Biblical text | The narrator confirms that wrath was not turned back. |
| Josiah's delegation consults Huldah the prophetess | Followed by — Josiah's covenant and the purge of Jerusalem and Judah | high · Biblical text | The king gathered the elders after receiving the oracle. |
| Josiah seeks God (8th year) and begins to purge Judah and Israel (12th year) — Chronicles | Thematic parallel — Josiah's covenant and the purge of Jerusalem and Judah | high · Biblical text | The same kinds of cult objects and places are removed in Kings' eighteenth-year reform; whether Chronicles has relocated that reform or records an earlier phase is the disputed question. |
| Josiah seeks God (8th year) and begins to purge Judah and Israel (12th year) — Chronicles | Followed by — Temple repairs and the finding of the book of the law (Josiah's 18th year) | high · Biblical text | Chronicles: "in the eighteenth year … when he had purged the land and the house". |
| Josiah seeks God (8th year) and begins to purge Judah and Israel (12th year) — Chronicles | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 1:2 | medium · Biblical text | Jeremiah's call in Josiah's thirteenth year — within the period of the Chronicler's early reform. |
| Josiah seeks God (8th year) and begins to purge Judah and Israel (12th year) — Chronicles | Thematic parallel — Zephaniah 1:4–6 | medium · Biblical text | Zephaniah (in Josiah's days) threatens the remnant of Baal — consistent with a reform under way. |
| The altar rebuilt in Jerusalem and the Feast of Booths kept (Ezra 3:1–7) | Thematic parallel — 2 Chronicles 2:16 | medium · Biblical text | Cedar floated to Joppa for Solomon's Temple as for the Second. |
| The altar rebuilt in Jerusalem and the Feast of Booths kept (Ezra 3:1–7) | Followed by — The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | high · Biblical text | The foundation followed in the second year. |
| The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2) | Same event — Nehemiah 7:6–73 | high · Biblical text | Nehemiah reproduces the same list ("the book of the genealogy of those who came up at the first", Neh 7:5), with different figures. |
| The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2) | Same event — Cyrus returns the Temple vessels to Sheshbazzar; the first return (Ezra 1:5–11) | medium · Biblical text | Ezra 1:11 ends with Sheshbazzar bringing up the vessels "when the captives were brought up"; Ezra 2 lists those who came up. Whether this is one return (Guzik; Keil) or two (Ryle, tentatively) is open. |
| The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2) | Historical consequence — Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | high · Biblical text | The return follows the decree (Ezra 1:1–4; 1:5). |
| The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2) | Thematic parallel — Ezra 8:35 | medium · Interpretation | Twelve leaders (Neh 7:7) and twelve bulls for all Israel (Kidner via Guzik). |
| The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2) | Followed by — The altar rebuilt in Jerusalem and the Feast of Booths kept (Ezra 3:1–7) | high · Biblical text | In the seventh month the settled people gathered in Jerusalem. |
| The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | Direct reference — Ezra 5:16 | high · Biblical text | Sheshbazzar "laid the foundations of God's house" — attributed to another leader. |
| The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | Thematic parallel — Haggai 2:18 | high · Biblical text | "From the day that the foundation of the LORD's temple was laid" — in Darius's second year; read by Batten as the date of the foundation, by Ryle as the date of the prophecy. |
| The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | Thematic parallel — Haggai 2:3 | high · Biblical text | "Who is left among you who saw this house in its former glory?" — the old men's weeping. |
| The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | Thematic parallel — Zechariah 4:9–10 | high · Biblical text | "The hands of Zerubbabel have laid the foundation of this house"; "the day of small things". |
| The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | Followed by — Darius I confirms Cyrus's decree and orders the Temple completed (Ezra 6:1–12) | high · Biblical text | After opposition the work resumed under Darius, whose search confirmed Cyrus's decree (Ezra 4–6). |
| The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | Thematic parallel — The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15) | high · Biblical text | The Temple begun here was completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15). |
| The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | Thematic parallel — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | medium · Biblical text | Old men "who had seen the first house" — destroyed in 587/586. |
| Tattenai governor of Beyond the River inquires and writes to Darius (Ezra 5:3–17) | Followed by — Darius I confirms Cyrus's decree and orders the Temple completed (Ezra 6:1–12) | high · Biblical text | Darius had the archives searched and confirmed Cyrus's decree (Ezra 6:1–12). |
| Tattenai governor of Beyond the River inquires and writes to Darius (Ezra 5:3–17) | Direct reference — Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | high · Biblical text | The elders appeal to Cyrus's first-year decree (5:13–15). |
| Tattenai governor of Beyond the River inquires and writes to Darius (Ezra 5:3–17) | Thematic parallel — Ezra 3:8–10 | high · Biblical text | Ezra 3 credits Zerubbabel and Jeshua with the foundation that 5:16 credits to Sheshbazzar. |
| Haggai and Zechariah stir the people; the Temple work resumes (Darius's second year, 520 BC) | Same event — Haggai 1:1–15 | high · Biblical text | Haggai's dated account of the resumption. |
| Haggai and Zechariah stir the people; the Temple work resumes (Darius's second year, 520 BC) | Thematic parallel — Zechariah 4:9 | high · Biblical text | "The hands of Zerubbabel have laid the foundation of this house; his hands shall also finish it." |
| Haggai and Zechariah stir the people; the Temple work resumes (Darius's second year, 520 BC) | Followed by — Tattenai governor of Beyond the River inquires and writes to Darius (Ezra 5:3–17) | high · Biblical text | Tattenai came "at the same time". |
| Haggai and Zechariah stir the people; the Temple work resumes (Darius's second year, 520 BC) | Thematic parallel — Ezra 6:14 | high · Biblical text | The elders built and prospered through the prophesying of Haggai and Zechariah. |
| Opposition from the people of the land; the Temple work ceases until Darius's second year (Ezra 4:1–5, 24) | Preceded by — The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | high · Biblical text | The adversaries heard that the returnees were building the Temple. |
| Opposition from the people of the land; the Temple work ceases until Darius's second year (Ezra 4:1–5, 24) | Thematic parallel — 2 Kings 17:24–41 | medium · Interpretation | Peoples settled in Samaria by Assyria who "feared the LORD and served their own gods". |
| Opposition from the people of the land; the Temple work ceases until Darius's second year (Ezra 4:1–5, 24) | Thematic parallel — Haggai 1:2–4 | high · Biblical text | "This people says, The time hasn't come" — the neglected house of 520. |
| Opposition from the people of the land; the Temple work ceases until Darius's second year (Ezra 4:1–5, 24) | Followed by — Haggai and Zechariah stir the people; the Temple work resumes (Darius's second year, 520 BC) | high · Biblical text | The work resumed in Darius's second year. |
| Opposition from the people of the land; the Temple work ceases until Darius's second year (Ezra 4:1–5, 24) | Direct reference — Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5) | high · Biblical text | The returnees refused help on the ground of Cyrus's command (4:3). |
| Accusations to Ahasuerus and the Rehum–Shimshai letter to Artaxerxes; the city's rebuilding stopped (Ezra 4:6–23) | Thematic parallel — Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8) | medium · Historical reconstruction | On the majority reading, the halt of the walls under Artaxerxes I preceded Nehemiah's commission from the same king (Neh 1:3; 2:1–8). |
| Accusations to Ahasuerus and the Rehum–Shimshai letter to Artaxerxes; the city's rebuilding stopped (Ezra 4:6–23) | Thematic parallel — Nehemiah 1:3 | medium · Interpretation | The wall of Jerusalem broken down and its gates burned — news that prompted Nehemiah. |
| The returned exiles keep the Passover after the Temple's dedication (Ezra 6:19–22) | Preceded by — The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15) | high · Biblical text | The Passover followed the completion and dedication. |
| The returned exiles keep the Passover after the Temple's dedication (Ezra 6:19–22) | Thematic parallel — The Passover of Josiah's eighteenth year | medium · Biblical text | Like Josiah's Passover, the Levites slaughter for all (2 Chr 35:11). |
| Haggai's oracles of 24/IX, Darius year 2: "from this day I will bless you"; Zerubbabel the signet | Direct reference — The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | high · Biblical text | Hag 2:18 speaks of "the day that the foundation of the LORD's temple was laid" — central to the dating dispute on the Ezra 3 event. |
| Haggai's oracles of 24/IX, Darius year 2: "from this day I will bless you"; Zerubbabel the signet | Direct reference — Zerubbabel the LORD's signet ring (Hag 2:20–23) | high · Biblical text | The Zerubbabel oracle delivered on this day. |
| Haggai's oracles of 24/IX, Darius year 2: "from this day I will bless you"; Zerubbabel the signet | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 22:24 | high · Interpretation | Coniah (Jehoiachin), Zerubbabel's grandfather, torn off like a signet — reversed here. |
| Haggai's oracles of 24/IX, Darius year 2: "from this day I will bless you"; Zerubbabel the signet | Followed by — The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15) | high · Biblical text | The house was completed in Darius's sixth year. |
| Haggai's oracles of 24/IX, Darius year 2: "from this day I will bless you"; Zerubbabel the signet | Genealogical connection — Matthew 1:12–13 | high · Biblical text | Zerubbabel in the genealogy of Jesus (Davidic line). |
| Haggai's oracle on the latter glory of the house (21/VII, Darius year 2) | Preceded by — Haggai and Zechariah stir the people; the Temple work resumes (Darius's second year, 520 BC) | high · Biblical text | Follows the resumption of 24/VI. |
| Haggai's oracle on the latter glory of the house (21/VII, Darius year 2) | Thematic parallel — The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | high · Biblical text | The comparison with the former house echoes the old men's weeping at the foundation (Ezra 3:12). |
| Haggai's oracle on the latter glory of the house (21/VII, Darius year 2) | Thematic parallel — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | medium · Biblical text | "This house in its former glory" — Solomon's Temple, burned in 587/586. |
| Haggai's oracle on the latter glory of the house (21/VII, Darius year 2) | Direct reference — The latter glory of this house; the nations' treasures (Hag 2:6–9) | high · Biblical text | The oracle delivered on this occasion. |
| Haggai's oracle on the latter glory of the house (21/VII, Darius year 2) | Direct reference — Hebrews 12:26–27 | high · Biblical text | Hebrews quotes Hag 2:6. |
| Zechariah's first oracle: the call to return (8th month, Darius year 2) | Thematic parallel — Haggai and Zechariah stir the people; the Temple work resumes (Darius's second year, 520 BC) | high · Biblical text | Zechariah prophesied with Haggai during the rebuilding (Ezra 5:1; 6:14). |
| Zechariah's first oracle: the call to return (8th month, Darius year 2) | Thematic parallel — Matthew 23:35 | low · Biblical text | "Zechariah son of Barachiah" — whether Jesus refers to this prophet or to Zechariah son of Jehoiada (2 Chr 24:20–21) is debated (not researched here). |
| Zechariah's first oracle: the call to return (8th month, Darius year 2) | Followed by — Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | high · Biblical text | The night visions followed in the eleventh month. |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Direct reference — Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2) | high · Biblical text | "Indignation these seventy years" (1:12) — Jeremiah's seventy years, already read in Dan 9:2. |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Direct reference — The horns that scattered Judah will be cast down (Zech 1:18–21) | high · Biblical text | The second vision's interpretation. |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Direct reference — Jerusalem without walls; flee from Babylon; many nations joined to the LORD (Zech 2:4–13) | high · Biblical text | The third vision and its oracle. |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Thematic parallel — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | medium · Interpretation | The seventy years of indignation counted from the Temple's destruction (Keil, after Vitringa). |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Thematic parallel — The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15) | medium · Biblical text | "My house shall be built in it" (1:16) — completed in Darius's sixth year. |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 7:7–8 | medium · Interpretation | Horns as kingdoms (Keil). |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Thematic parallel — Revelation 18:4 | medium · Interpretation | "Come out of her" — Babylon literal and figurative (Guzik). |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Direct reference — "My servant the Branch" and the stone with seven eyes (Zech 3:8–10) | high · Biblical text | The fourth vision's oracle. |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Direct reference — "Not by might … but by my Spirit": Zerubbabel's hands will finish the house (Zech 4:6–10) | high · Biblical text | The fifth vision's word to Zerubbabel. |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Proposed fulfillment — "Not by might … but by my Spirit": Zerubbabel's hands will finish the house (Zech 4:6–10) | high · Interpretation | "His hands shall also finish it" (Zech 4:9) — the Temple completed in Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15). |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Thematic parallel — The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13) | high · Biblical text | "The hands of Zerubbabel have laid the foundation of this house" (4:9). |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Thematic parallel — Haggai and Zechariah stir the people; the Temple work resumes (Darius's second year, 520 BC) | medium · Biblical text | The word to Zerubbabel encourages the work resumed in 520. |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Thematic parallel — "My servant the Branch" and the stone with seven eyes (Zech 3:8–10) | medium · Interpretation | Haggai's signet and Zechariah's Branch both centre Davidic hope on Zerubbabel or on the Messiah, depending on the reading. |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Thematic parallel — Revelation 11:4 | high · Biblical text | "The two olive trees and the two lampstands" — the image reused for the two witnesses. |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 23:5 | high · Biblical text | "I will raise to David a righteous Branch" — the title of Zech 3:8. |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Thematic parallel — Revelation 6:1–8 | medium · Interpretation | Coloured horses as agents sent through the earth (Guzik). |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Thematic parallel — Genesis 11:2 | medium · Biblical text | Shinar, the land of Babel, as the home of Wickedness (5:11). |
| Zechariah's night visions (24 Shebat, Darius year 2; Zech 1:7–6:8) | Followed by — Crowns made from the exiles' gifts and set on Joshua; the oracle of the Branch (Zech 6:9–15) | medium · Biblical text | The crowning oracle follows the visions in the book (6:9). |
| Crowns made from the exiles' gifts and set on Joshua; the oracle of the Branch (Zech 6:9–15) | Direct reference — "The man whose name is the Branch" shall build the temple; a priest on his throne (Zech 6:9–15) | high · Biblical text | The oracle spoken at the crowning. |
| Crowns made from the exiles' gifts and set on Joshua; the oracle of the Branch (Zech 6:9–15) | Thematic parallel — "The man whose name is the Branch" shall build the temple; a priest on his throne (Zech 6:9–15) | high · Biblical text | The Branch of 3:8 named again as the temple-builder. |
| Crowns made from the exiles' gifts and set on Joshua; the oracle of the Branch (Zech 6:9–15) | Thematic parallel — Psalms 110:4 | medium · Interpretation | A king who is also a priest (Guzik). |
| Crowns made from the exiles' gifts and set on Joshua; the oracle of the Branch (Zech 6:9–15) | Thematic parallel — The rebuilt Temple completed on 3 Adar of Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15) | medium · Biblical text | "He shall build the temple" — the Temple completed in Darius's sixth year (which builder the oracle meant is disputed). |
| The Bethel delegation and the question of fasting; Zechariah's answer (4/IX, Darius year 4) | Direct reference — The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year) | high · Interpretation | The fast of the tenth month — the siege begun on 10 Tebeth (2 Kgs 25:1). |
| The Bethel delegation and the question of fasting; Zechariah's answer (4/IX, Darius year 4) | Direct reference — The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year) | high · Interpretation | The fast of the fourth month — the breach on 9 Tammuz (2 Kgs 25:3–4). |
| The Bethel delegation and the question of fasting; Zechariah's answer (4/IX, Darius year 4) | Direct reference — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | high · Interpretation | The fast of the fifth month — the burning of the Temple (2 Kgs 25:8–9). |
| The Bethel delegation and the question of fasting; Zechariah's answer (4/IX, Darius year 4) | Direct reference — Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26) | high · Interpretation | The fast of the seventh month — Gedaliah's murder (2 Kgs 25:25), by Jewish tradition. |
| The Bethel delegation and the question of fasting; Zechariah's answer (4/IX, Darius year 4) | Direct reference — Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2) | high · Biblical text | "These seventy years" of fasting (7:5) — the second use in Zechariah (cf. 1:12). |
| The Bethel delegation and the question of fasting; Zechariah's answer (4/IX, Darius year 4) | Direct reference — Jerusalem restored; fasts become feasts; the nations seek the LORD (Zech 8) | high · Biblical text | The restoration oracles of chapter 8. |
| The Bethel delegation and the question of fasting; Zechariah's answer (4/IX, Darius year 4) | Thematic parallel — Isaiah 58:3–7 | medium · Biblical text | Fasting without justice rebuked. |
| The Bethel delegation and the question of fasting; Zechariah's answer (4/IX, Darius year 4) | Thematic parallel — Haggai 2:15–19 | high · Biblical text | Blessing dated from the day the foundation was laid (Zech 8:9–12; Hag 2:18–19). |
| Ezra's caravan from the Ahava to Jerusalem (Ezra 7:7–10; 8) | Preceded by — Artaxerxes' decree to Ezra in his seventh year (Ezra 7) | high · Biblical text | The journey carries out the king's letter. |
| Ezra's caravan from the Ahava to Jerusalem (Ezra 7:7–10; 8) | Thematic parallel — The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2) | medium · Biblical text | Families join the descendants of those who returned with Zerubbabel (same family names: Parosh, Pahath-moab, Adin, Elam …). |
| Ezra's caravan from the Ahava to Jerusalem (Ezra 7:7–10; 8) | Thematic parallel — Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8) | medium · Biblical text | Ezra declined an escort; Nehemiah accepted one (Neh 2:9). |
| The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10) | Preceded by — Ezra's caravan from the Ahava to Jerusalem (Ezra 7:7–10; 8) | high · Biblical text | "When these things were done" — after the arrival and offerings. |
| The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10) | Thematic parallel — Nehemiah 13:23–27 | high · Biblical text | Nehemiah confronts the same problem a generation later (or earlier, on the late-Ezra view). |
| The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10) | Thematic parallel — Malachi 2:10–16 | medium · Biblical text | Malachi condemns marrying "the daughter of a foreign god" and divorce. |
| The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10) | Thematic parallel — Deuteronomy 7:1–4 | high · Biblical text | The law against intermarriage that 9:1–2 echoes. |
| The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10) | Thematic parallel — Artaxerxes' decree to Ezra in his seventh year (Ezra 7) | medium · Biblical text | Ezra exercises the judicial authority granted in the king's letter (7:25–26). |
| Nehemiah arrives, inspects the walls by night and calls for rebuilding (Neh 2:9–20) | Preceded by — Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8) | high · Biblical text | Nehemiah came with the king's letters. |
| Nehemiah arrives, inspects the walls by night and calls for rebuilding (Neh 2:9–20) | Source attestation — Elephantine petition to Bigvai, governor of Judah (Cowley 30) | medium · External evidence | The Elephantine letter attests Sanballat as governor of Samaria and Johanan as high priest a generation later. |
| Nehemiah arrives, inspects the walls by night and calls for rebuilding (Neh 2:9–20) | Thematic parallel — Ezra's caravan from the Ahava to Jerusalem (Ezra 7:7–10; 8) | medium · Biblical text | Nehemiah accepted a royal escort; Ezra had declined one (Ezra 8:22). |
| Nehemiah arrives, inspects the walls by night and calls for rebuilding (Neh 2:9–20) | Thematic parallel — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | medium · Biblical text | The gates "consumed with fire" — the city's walls lay ruined since the destruction (or since a later attack; not stated). |
| Hanani's report at Susa and Nehemiah's prayer (Chislev, Artaxerxes's 20th year) | Followed by — Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8) | high · Biblical text | Four months later Nehemiah petitioned the king. |
| Hanani's report at Susa and Nehemiah's prayer (Chislev, Artaxerxes's 20th year) | Thematic parallel — Accusations to Ahasuerus and the Rehum–Shimshai letter to Artaxerxes; the city's rebuilding stopped (Ezra 4:6–23) | medium · Historical reconstruction | The broken walls and burned gates may reflect the halt imposed under Artaxerxes (Ezra 4:23) — Guzik; the identification of Ezra 4's kings is disputed. |
| Hanani's report at Susa and Nehemiah's prayer (Chislev, Artaxerxes's 20th year) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 9:4–19 | medium · Biblical text | A confession of national sin in exile (cf. Daniel's prayer). |
| The rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall and gates, section by section (Neh 3) | Preceded by — Nehemiah arrives, inspects the walls by night and calls for rebuilding (Neh 2:9–20) | high · Biblical text | The call to build (2:17–18) led to the work. |
| The rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall and gates, section by section (Neh 3) | Thematic parallel — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) | high · Biblical text | The walls broken down in 587/586 (2 Kgs 25:10) rebuilt. |
| The rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall and gates, section by section (Neh 3) | Thematic parallel — Accusations to Ahasuerus and the Rehum–Shimshai letter to Artaxerxes; the city's rebuilding stopped (Ezra 4:6–23) | medium · Historical reconstruction | The earlier attempt on the walls halted under Artaxerxes (Ezra 4:23), on the majority reading. |
| The rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall and gates, section by section (Neh 3) | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 31:38–40 | medium · Biblical text | Jeremiah's promise of the city rebuilt from the Tower of Hananel to the Horse Gate. |
| The rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall and gates, section by section (Neh 3) | Genealogical connection — Eliashib the high priest | high · Biblical text | Eliashib → Joiada → Johanan (Neh 12:10–11, 22). |
| Mockery, threats and the armed builders (Neh 4) | Thematic parallel — The rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall and gates, section by section (Neh 3) | high · Biblical text | The opposition arose during the building. |
| The debt crisis and the remission of pledges (Neh 5:1–13) | Thematic parallel — The rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall and gates, section by section (Neh 3) | high · Biblical text | The outcry arose during the building. |
| The debt crisis and the remission of pledges (Neh 5:1–13) | Thematic parallel — Leviticus 25:35–43 | high · Biblical text | No interest from a poor brother; no slavery of brothers. |
| Plots against Nehemiah: Ono, the open letter, Shemaiah (Neh 6:1–14) | Followed by — The wall completed on 25 Elul after fifty-two days (Neh 6:15–19) | high · Biblical text | The wall was nevertheless completed. |
| Plots against Nehemiah: Ono, the open letter, Shemaiah (Neh 6:1–14) | Thematic parallel — Ezra 4:12–16 | medium · Biblical text | Accusations of rebellion to the Persian king, as in the earlier letter. |
| Nehemiah's first governorship: twelve years, 20th–32nd year of Artaxerxes (445–433 BC) | Preceded by — Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8) | high · Biblical text | The governorship began with the commission of the twentieth year. |
| Nehemiah's first governorship: twelve years, 20th–32nd year of Artaxerxes (445–433 BC) | Thematic parallel — Nehemiah 13:6 | high · Biblical text | Nehemiah returned to the king in the thirty-second year. |
| The wall completed on 25 Elul after fifty-two days (Neh 6:15–19) | Preceded by — The rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall and gates, section by section (Neh 3) | high · Biblical text | Completion of the work begun in Neh 3. |
| The wall completed on 25 Elul after fifty-two days (Neh 6:15–19) | Preceded by — Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8) | high · Biblical text | Within six months of the commission of Nisan. |
| Jerusalem guarded under Hanani and Hananiah; the registry of the first returnees found (Neh 7:1–5) | Preceded by — The wall completed on 25 Elul after fifty-two days (Neh 6:15–19) | high · Biblical text | The doors were hung once the wall was finished. |
| Jerusalem guarded under Hanani and Hananiah; the registry of the first returnees found (Neh 7:1–5) | Thematic parallel — The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2) | high · Biblical text | The register Nehemiah found is the list of the first return (Ezra 2 = Neh 7:6–73). |
| Jerusalem guarded under Hanani and Hananiah; the registry of the first returnees found (Neh 7:1–5) | Thematic parallel — Nehemiah 11:1–2 | high · Biblical text | The repopulation of Jerusalem by lot carries out the resolve of 7:4–5. |
| Ezra reads the Law on the first day of the seventh month (Neh 7:73b–8:12) | Preceded by — The wall completed on 25 Elul after fifty-two days (Neh 6:15–19) | medium · Biblical text | On the narrative sequence, a week after the wall's completion. |
| Ezra reads the Law on the first day of the seventh month (Neh 7:73b–8:12) | Thematic parallel — The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10) | medium · Biblical text | In 1 Esdras 9 the reading directly follows the mixed-marriages account. |
| Ezra reads the Law on the first day of the seventh month (Neh 7:73b–8:12) | Thematic parallel — Artaxerxes' decree to Ezra in his seventh year (Ezra 7) | high · Biblical text | Ezra came to teach the law in Israel (Ezra 7:10, 25). |
| Ezra reads the Law on the first day of the seventh month (Neh 7:73b–8:12) | Thematic parallel — The altar rebuilt in Jerusalem and the Feast of Booths kept (Ezra 3:1–7) | high · Biblical text | Neh 7:73b–8:1 repeats Ezra 3:1 on the gathering in the seventh month. |
| Ezra reads the Law on the first day of the seventh month (Neh 7:73b–8:12) | Thematic parallel — Deuteronomy 31:9–13 | high · Biblical text | The law to be read before all Israel at the Feast of Booths. |
| The Feast of Booths kept "as it is written" (Neh 8:13–18) | Preceded by — Ezra reads the Law on the first day of the seventh month (Neh 7:73b–8:12) | high · Biblical text | Found in the law while studying it on the second day. |
| The Feast of Booths kept "as it is written" (Neh 8:13–18) | Thematic parallel — The altar rebuilt in Jerusalem and the Feast of Booths kept (Ezra 3:1–7) | medium · Biblical text | Booths was kept in the first year of the return (Ezra 3:4). |
| The Feast of Booths kept "as it is written" (Neh 8:13–18) | Thematic parallel — Leviticus 23:39–43 | high · Biblical text | The command to dwell in booths seven days. |
| The Feast of Booths kept "as it is written" (Neh 8:13–18) | Thematic parallel — 2 Chronicles 7:8–10 | medium · Biblical text | Solomon's feast of the seventh month — cited by Keil against a literal reading of 8:17. |
| The sealed covenant to keep the law and support the temple (Neh 9:38–10:39) | Preceded by — The fast of the twenty-fourth day and the Levites' confession (Neh 9) | high · Biblical text | Sealed at the close of the confession (narrative sequence). |
| The sealed covenant to keep the law and support the temple (Neh 9:38–10:39) | Thematic parallel — The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10) | high · Biblical text | The marriage pledge (10:30) takes up Ezra 9–10. |
| The sealed covenant to keep the law and support the temple (Neh 9:38–10:39) | Thematic parallel — The debt crisis and the remission of pledges (Neh 5:1–13) | medium · Biblical text | Remission of debts in the seventh year (10:31) echoes Neh 5. |
| The sealed covenant to keep the law and support the temple (Neh 9:38–10:39) | Thematic parallel — Nehemiah 13:10–31 | high · Biblical text | Nehemiah's second-term reforms deal with the same four matters (Batten). |
| The sealed covenant to keep the law and support the temple (Neh 9:38–10:39) | Thematic parallel — Exodus 30:11–16 | high · Biblical text | The half-shekel for the service of the tent of meeting. |
| The sealed covenant to keep the law and support the temple (Neh 9:38–10:39) | Thematic parallel — Matthew 17:24–27 | medium · Biblical text | The temple tax still collected in Jesus's day (Keil). |
| The fast of the twenty-fourth day and the Levites' confession (Neh 9) | Preceded by — The Feast of Booths kept "as it is written" (Neh 8:13–18) | high · Biblical text | Two days after the feast. |
| The fast of the twenty-fourth day and the Levites' confession (Neh 9) | Followed by — The sealed covenant to keep the law and support the temple (Neh 9:38–10:39) | high · Biblical text | The prayer ends in the written agreement (9:38). |
| The fast of the twenty-fourth day and the Levites' confession (Neh 9) | Thematic parallel — Psalms 106:1–48 | high · Biblical text | Keil: the confession resembles Psalm 106 in plan and detail. |
| The fast of the twenty-fourth day and the Levites' confession (Neh 9) | Thematic parallel — Ezra 9:6–15 | medium · Biblical text | Ezra's confession: "you are righteous" and present bondage. |
| Nehemiah's return and second-term reforms (Neh 13:4–31) | Preceded by — Nehemiah's first governorship: twelve years, 20th–32nd year of Artaxerxes (445–433 BC) | high · Biblical text | The first governorship ended with the return to the king in year 32. |
| Nehemiah's return and second-term reforms (Neh 13:4–31) | Thematic parallel — The sealed covenant to keep the law and support the temple (Neh 9:38–10:39) | high · Biblical text | The reforms deal with the covenant's pledges (marriage, Sabbath, wood, tithes). |
| Nehemiah's return and second-term reforms (Neh 13:4–31) | Thematic parallel — The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10) | high · Biblical text | Mixed marriages confronted again. |
| Nehemiah's return and second-term reforms (Neh 13:4–31) | Thematic parallel — Malachi 2:10–16 | medium · Biblical text | Malachi on marrying the daughter of a foreign god. |
| Nehemiah's return and second-term reforms (Neh 13:4–31) | Thematic parallel — Malachi 3:8–10 | medium · Biblical text | Malachi on withheld tithes. |
| Nehemiah's return and second-term reforms (Neh 13:4–31) | Thematic parallel — Jeremiah 17:21–27 | high · Biblical text | Jeremiah's warning on Sabbath burdens through the gates. |
| Jerusalem repopulated: one in ten by lot (Neh 11) | Preceded by — Jerusalem guarded under Hanani and Hananiah; the registry of the first returnees found (Neh 7:1–5) | high · Biblical text | Carries out the resolve of 7:4–5. |
| Jerusalem repopulated: one in ten by lot (Neh 11) | Thematic parallel — 1 Chronicles 9:1–34 | medium · Biblical text | A parallel list of the inhabitants of Jerusalem. |
| The dedication of the wall of Jerusalem (Neh 12:27–13:3) | Preceded by — The wall completed on 25 Elul after fifty-two days (Neh 6:15–19) | high · Biblical text | The finished wall is dedicated. |
| The dedication of the wall of Jerusalem (Neh 12:27–13:3) | Thematic parallel — The rebuilding of Jerusalem's wall and gates, section by section (Neh 3) | high · Biblical text | The procession passes the gates repaired in Neh 3. |
| The dedication of the wall of Jerusalem (Neh 12:27–13:3) | Preceded by — Jerusalem repopulated: one in ten by lot (Neh 11) | medium · Biblical text | Keil: the dedication follows the repopulation. |
| The dedication of the wall of Jerusalem (Neh 12:27–13:3) | Thematic parallel — Deuteronomy 23:3–6 | high · Biblical text | The law read "on that day" (13:1–2). |
| The priestly and Levitical registers to the days of Jaddua (Neh 12:1–26) | Genealogical connection — Eliashib the high priest | high · Biblical text | Eliashib begot Joiada (12:10). |
| The priestly and Levitical registers to the days of Jaddua (Neh 12:1–26) | Genealogical connection — Joiada the high priest | high · Biblical text | Joiada begot Jonathan/Johanan (12:11, 22). |
| The priestly and Levitical registers to the days of Jaddua (Neh 12:1–26) | Genealogical connection — Johanan the high priest | high · Biblical text | Jonathan/Johanan begot Jaddua (12:11). |
| The priestly and Levitical registers to the days of Jaddua (Neh 12:1–26) | Thematic parallel — Jaddua the high priest | low · Historical reconstruction | Josephus (Ant. 11.8.5) makes Jaddua the high priest who met Alexander; disputed. |
| The priestly and Levitical registers to the days of Jaddua (Neh 12:1–26) | Thematic parallel — Ezra 2:36–42 | high · Biblical text | Priests and Levites of the first return. |
| The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection) | Direct reference — The burden on Hadrach, Damascus, Tyre and Philistia (Zech 9:1–8) | high · Biblical text | Zech 9:1–8. |
| The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection) | Direct reference — "Your king comes to you … lowly, and riding on a donkey" (Zech 9:9–10) | high · Biblical text | Zech 9:9–10. |
| The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection) | Direct reference — Prisoners of hope; "your sons, O Zion, against your sons, O Greece"; Judah and Joseph regathered (Zech 9:11–11:3) | high · Biblical text | Zech 9:11–11:3. |
| The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection) | Direct reference — The shepherd allegory: the staffs Favour and Union; thirty pieces of silver thrown to the potter; the worthless shepherd (Zech 11:4–17) | high · Biblical text | Zech 11:4–17. |
| The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — Matthew 21:4–5 | high · Biblical text | Zech 9:9 cited at Jesus's entry. |
| The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — John 12:14–16 | high · Biblical text | Zech 9:9 cited, understood after Jesus was glorified. |
| The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — Matthew 27:9–10 | high · Biblical text | Zech 11:12–13 cited under the name of Jeremiah. |
| The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — Ezekiel 34:1–31 | medium · Biblical text | Shepherds condemned; the LORD shepherds his flock. |
| The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — Ezekiel 37:15–28 | medium · Biblical text | The two sticks joined, Judah and Joseph — reversed by the broken staff Union (11:14). |
| The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — The burden on Hadrach, Damascus, Tyre and Philistia (Zech 9:1–8) | medium · Interpretation | Alexander's campaign is the proposed historical referent (Keil, Mitchell, Guzik). |
| The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — The burden on Hadrach, Damascus, Tyre and Philistia (Zech 9:1–8) | low · Interpretation | Mitchell reads 9:8 as reflecting the story (Josephus) of Alexander sparing Jerusalem under Jaddua. |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Direct reference — Jerusalem a cup of reeling and a burdensome stone for the nations (Zech 12:1–9) | high · Biblical text | Zech 12:1–9. |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Direct reference — "They will look to me whom they have pierced" and the great mourning (Zech 12:10–14) | high · Biblical text | Zech 12:10–14. |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Direct reference — A fountain for sin; the end of false prophecy; "Strike the shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered" (Zech 13) | high · Biblical text | Zech 13. |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Direct reference — The day of the LORD: Jerusalem taken, the Mount of Olives split, living waters, the nations keep Booths (Zech 14) | high · Biblical text | Zech 14. |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Direct reference — The earthquake in the days of Uzziah | high · Biblical text | "As you fled from before the earthquake in the days of Uzziah king of Judah" (14:5). |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Direct reference — Josiah killed at Megiddo by Necho II (609 BC) | medium · Interpretation | The mourning of Hadad-rimmon in the valley of Megiddo (12:11), identified with the mourning for Josiah (Targum, Jerome, Keil, Mitchell). |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — The Feast of Booths kept "as it is written" (Neh 8:13–18) | medium · Biblical text | The Feast of Booths kept by the returned community (Neh 8) and by the nations (Zech 14:16–19). |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — John 19:37 | high · Biblical text | Zech 12:10 cited at the piercing of Jesus's side. |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — Revelation 1:7 | high · Biblical text | "Every eye will see him, including those who pierced him." |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — Matthew 26:31 | high · Biblical text | Zech 13:7 quoted by Jesus before his arrest. |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — Acts 1:11–12 | medium · Biblical text | The ascension from the Mount of Olives. |
| The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection) | Thematic parallel — Ezekiel 47:1–12 | high · Biblical text | Living waters from the temple. |
| Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC) | Direct reference — "I will send my messenger … and the Lord will suddenly come to his temple" (Mal 3:1–5) | high · Biblical text | Mal 3:1–5. |
| Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC) | Direct reference — "I will send you Elijah the prophet before the great and terrible day of the LORD" (Mal 4:4–6) | high · Biblical text | Mal 4:4–6. |
| Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC) | Thematic parallel — The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10) | high · Biblical text | Marriage to "the daughter of a foreign god" (2:11) — the abuse of Ezra 9–10. |
| Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC) | Thematic parallel — Nehemiah's return and second-term reforms (Neh 13:4–31) | high · Biblical text | Withheld tithes (3:8–10) and foreign marriages (2:11) — the abuses Nehemiah met on his return (Neh 13). |
| Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC) | Thematic parallel — The sealed covenant to keep the law and support the temple (Neh 9:38–10:39) | medium · Biblical text | Tithes and the storehouse (3:10) — the pledges of Neh 10:37–39. |
| Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC) | Thematic parallel — Nehemiah's first governorship: twelve years, 20th–32nd year of Artaxerxes (445–433 BC) | medium · Biblical text | A governor who receives gifts (1:8), unlike Nehemiah (Neh 5:14–18) — Smith's argument for a date before the reforms. |
| Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC) | Thematic parallel — Matthew 11:10–14 | high · Biblical text | Jesus applies 3:1 and 4:5 to John the Baptist. |
| Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC) | Thematic parallel — Mark 1:2 | high · Biblical text | Mal 3:1 cited (with Isa 40:3) under Isaiah's name. |
| Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC) | Thematic parallel — Luke 1:16–17 | high · Biblical text | John in the spirit and power of Elijah, turning fathers' hearts. |
| Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC) | Thematic parallel — Romans 9:13 | high · Biblical text | "Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated." |
| Mordecai uncovers the plot of Bigthan and Teresh (Esth 2:19–23) | Preceded by — Esther made queen in Tebeth of Xerxes's seventh year (Esth 2:1–18; winter 479/478 BC) | high · Biblical text | After Esther's elevation. |
| Mordecai uncovers the plot of Bigthan and Teresh (Esth 2:19–23) | Thematic parallel — Esther 6:1–3 | high · Biblical text | The record of Mordecai's deed read to the sleepless king. |
| Ahasuerus's third-year feast at Susa and the deposing of Vashti (Esth 1; 483/482 BC) | Followed by — Esther made queen in Tebeth of Xerxes's seventh year (Esth 2:1–18; winter 479/478 BC) | high · Biblical text | Vashti's place given to Esther (2:4, 17). |
| Ahasuerus's third-year feast at Susa and the deposing of Vashti (Esth 1; 483/482 BC) | Thematic parallel — Accusations to Ahasuerus and the Rehum–Shimshai letter to Artaxerxes; the city's rebuilding stopped (Ezra 4:6–23) | medium · Biblical text | An accusation against Jerusalem "in the reign of Ahasuerus" (Ezra 4:6) — the same king. |
| Ahasuerus's third-year feast at Susa and the deposing of Vashti (Esth 1; 483/482 BC) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 11:2 | medium · Biblical text | The rich fourth Persian king who stirs all against Greece — usually Xerxes. |
| Esther made queen in Tebeth of Xerxes's seventh year (Esth 2:1–18; winter 479/478 BC) | Preceded by — Ahasuerus's third-year feast at Susa and the deposing of Vashti (Esth 1; 483/482 BC) | high · Biblical text | "After these things" (2:1). |
| Esther made queen in Tebeth of Xerxes's seventh year (Esth 2:1–18; winter 479/478 BC) | Followed by — Mordecai uncovers the plot of Bigthan and Teresh (Esth 2:19–23) | high · Biblical text | Mordecai at the gate. |
| Esther made queen in Tebeth of Xerxes's seventh year (Esth 2:1–18; winter 479/478 BC) | Thematic parallel — 2 Kings 24:10–16 | high · Biblical text | The deportation with Jeconiah (597). |
| Mordecai mourns; Esther resolves to go to the king (Esth 4) | Preceded by — Haman casts pur and the decree against the Jews (Esth 3; Nisan 474 BC) | high · Biblical text | The decree published in Susa. |
| Mordecai mourns; Esther resolves to go to the king (Esth 4) | Followed by — Esther before the king; the first banquet; Haman's gallows (Esth 5) | high · Biblical text | After the three-day fast. |
| Esther before the king; the first banquet; Haman's gallows (Esth 5) | Preceded by — Mordecai mourns; Esther resolves to go to the king (Esth 4) | high · Biblical text | "On the third day". |
| Haman casts pur and the decree against the Jews (Esth 3; Nisan 474 BC) | Preceded by — Mordecai uncovers the plot of Bigthan and Teresh (Esth 2:19–23) | high · Biblical text | "After these things" (3:1); Mordecai's unrewarded service. |
| Haman casts pur and the decree against the Jews (Esth 3; Nisan 474 BC) | Followed by — Mordecai mourns; Esther resolves to go to the king (Esth 4) | high · Biblical text | Mordecai's mourning on learning of the decree. |
| Haman casts pur and the decree against the Jews (Esth 3; Nisan 474 BC) | Thematic parallel — 1 Samuel 15:8–33 | medium · Biblical text | Agag king of Amalek spared by Saul (son of Kish) — Mordecai is of the family of Kish (Esth 2:5). |
| Haman casts pur and the decree against the Jews (Esth 3; Nisan 474 BC) | Thematic parallel — Exodus 17:14–16 | medium · Biblical text | War with Amalek from generation to generation. |
| The sleepless king; Mordecai honoured by Haman (Esth 6) | Thematic parallel — Mordecai uncovers the plot of Bigthan and Teresh (Esth 2:19–23) | high · Biblical text | The recorded deed of 2:21–23 read to the king. |
| The sleepless king; Mordecai honoured by Haman (Esth 6) | Followed by — The second banquet; Haman hanged (Esth 7) | high · Biblical text | Haman hurried to the banquet. |
| The institution of Purim; Mordecai second to the king (Esth 9:20–10:3) | Preceded by — The Jews defend themselves on 13–14 Adar (Esth 9:1–19; 473 BC) | high · Biblical text | The deliverance it commemorates. |
| The institution of Purim; Mordecai second to the king (Esth 9:20–10:3) | Thematic parallel — Haman casts pur and the decree against the Jews (Esth 3; Nisan 474 BC) | high · Biblical text | Named from the pur cast in 3:7. |
| The Jews defend themselves on 13–14 Adar (Esth 9:1–19; 473 BC) | Thematic parallel — Haman casts pur and the decree against the Jews (Esth 3; Nisan 474 BC) | high · Biblical text | The day fixed by Haman's lot. |
| The Jews defend themselves on 13–14 Adar (Esth 9:1–19; 473 BC) | Followed by — The institution of Purim; Mordecai second to the king (Esth 9:20–10:3) | high · Biblical text | Commemorated as Purim. |
| Mordecai's counter-decree of 23 Sivan (Esth 8; June 474 BC) | Preceded by — Haman casts pur and the decree against the Jews (Esth 3; Nisan 474 BC) | high · Biblical text | Countering the decree of 13 Nisan. |
| Mordecai's counter-decree of 23 Sivan (Esth 8; June 474 BC) | Followed by — The Jews defend themselves on 13–14 Adar (Esth 9:1–19; 473 BC) | high · Biblical text | Carried out on 13 Adar. |
| Mordecai's counter-decree of 23 Sivan (Esth 8; June 474 BC) | Thematic parallel — Daniel 6:8 | medium · Biblical text | The law of the Medes and Persians that cannot be revoked. |
| The second banquet; Haman hanged (Esth 7) | Thematic parallel — Esther before the king; the first banquet; Haman's gallows (Esth 5) | high · Biblical text | The gallows prepared in 5:14. |
| The second banquet; Haman hanged (Esth 7) | Followed by — Mordecai's counter-decree of 23 Sivan (Esth 8; June 474 BC) | high · Biblical text | Haman's house and office given away. |