Biblical references
Text: World English Bible (public domain). The ESV and NKJV are the preferred study translations and are referenced, not reproduced.
7 Some of the children of Israel, including some of the priests, the Levites, the singers, the gatekeepers, and the temple servants went up to Jerusalem in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the king. 8 He came to Jerusalem in the fifth month, which was in the seventh year of the king. 9 For on the first day of the first month he began to go up from Babylon; and on the first day of the fifth month he came to Jerusalem, according to the good hand of his God on him. 10 For Ezra had set his heart to seek the LORD’s law, and to do it, and to teach statutes and ordinances in Israel.
Summary with dates.
1 Now these are the heads of their fathers’ households, and this is the genealogy of those who went up with me from Babylon, in the reign of Artaxerxes the king: 2 Of the sons of Phinehas, Gershom. Of the sons of Ithamar, Daniel. Of the sons of David, Hattush. 3 Of the sons of Shecaniah, of the sons of Parosh, Zechariah; and with him were listed by genealogy of the males one hundred fifty. 4 Of the sons of Pahathmoab, Eliehoenai the son of Zerahiah; and with him two hundred males. 5 Of the sons of Shecaniah, the son of Jahaziel; and with him three hundred males. 6 Of the sons of Adin, Ebed the son of Jonathan; and with him fifty males. 7 Of the sons of Elam, Jeshaiah the son of Athaliah; and with him seventy males. 8 Of the sons of Shephatiah, Zebadiah the son of Michael; and with him eighty males. 9 Of the sons of Joab, Obadiah the son of Jehiel; and with him two hundred eighteen males. 10 Of the sons of Shelomith, the son of Josiphiah; and with him one hundred sixty males. 11 Of the sons of Bebai, Zechariah the son of Bebai; and with him twenty-eight males. 12 Of the sons of Azgad, Johanan the son of Hakkatan; and with him one hundred ten males. 13 Of the sons of Adonikam, who were the last, their names are: Eliphelet, Jeuel, and Shemaiah; and with them sixty males. 14 Of the sons of Bigvai, Uthai and Zabbud; and with them seventy males. 15 I gathered them together to the river that runs to Ahava; and there we encamped three days. Then I looked around at the people and the priests, and found there were none of the sons of Levi. 16 Then I sent for Eliezer, for Ariel, for Shemaiah, for Elnathan, for Jarib, for Elnathan, for Nathan, for Zechariah, and for Meshullam, chief men; also for Joiarib and for Elnathan, who were teachers. 17 I sent them out to Iddo the chief at the place Casiphia; and I told them what they should tell Iddo and his brothers the temple servants at the place Casiphia, that they should bring to us ministers for the house of our God. 18 According to the good hand of our God on us they brought us a man of discretion, of the sons of Mahli, the son of Levi, the son of Israel, namely Sherebiah, with his sons and his brothers, eighteen; 19 and Hashabiah, and with him Jeshaiah of the sons of Merari, his brothers and their sons, twenty; 20 and of the temple servants, whom David and the princes had given for the service of the Levites, two hundred twenty temple servants. All of them were mentioned by name. 21 Then I proclaimed a fast there at the river Ahava, that we might humble ourselves before our God, to seek from him a straight way for us, for our little ones, and for all our possessions. 22 For I was ashamed to ask of the king a band of soldiers and horsemen to help us against the enemy on the way, because we had spoken to the king, saying, “The hand of our God is on all those who seek him, for good; but his power and his wrath is against all those who forsake him.” 23 So we fasted and begged our God for this, and he granted our request. 24 Then I set apart twelve of the chiefs of the priests, even Sherebiah, Hashabiah, and ten of their brothers with them, 25 and weighed to them the silver, the gold, and the vessels, even the offering for the house of our God, which the king, his counselors, his princes, and all Israel there present, had offered. 26 I weighed into their hand six hundred fifty talents of silver, one hundred talents of silver vessels, one hundred talents of gold, 27 twenty bowls of gold weighing one thousand darics, and two vessels of fine bright bronze, precious as gold. 28 I said to them, “You are holy to the LORD, and the vessels are holy. The silver and the gold are a free will offering to the LORD, the God of your fathers. 29 Watch and keep them until you weigh them before the chiefs of the priests, the Levites, and the princes of the fathers’ households of Israel at Jerusalem, in the rooms of the LORD’s house.” 30 So the priests and the Levites received the weight of the silver, the gold, and the vessels, to bring them to Jerusalem to the house of our God. 31 Then we departed from the river Ahava on the twelfth day of the first month, to go to Jerusalem. The hand of our God was on us, and he delivered us from the hand of the enemy and the bandits by the way. 32 We came to Jerusalem, and stayed there three days. 33 On the fourth day the silver and the gold and the vessels were weighed in the house of our God into the hand of Meremoth the son of Uriah the priest; and with him was Eleazar the son of Phinehas; and with them were Jozabad the son of Jeshua, and Noadiah the son of Binnui, the Levites. 34 Everything was counted and weighed; and all the weight was written at that time. 35 The children of the captivity, who had come out of exile, offered burnt offerings to the God of Israel: twelve bulls for all Israel, ninety-six rams, seventy-seven lambs, and twelve male goats for a sin offering. All this was a burnt offering to the LORD. 36 They delivered the king’s commissions to the king’s local governors and to the governors beyond the River. So they supported the people and God’s house.
Ezra's first-person account.
Biblical account
Layer: Biblical text
Ezra lists the family heads who went up with him (priests, a Davidide, and twelve families with 1,496 registered males). Camped three days at the river that runs to Ahava he found no Levites, and sent to Iddo at Casiphia, who supplied 38 Levites and 220 temple servants. He proclaimed a fast, being ashamed to ask for an escort; weighed out 650 talents of silver, silver vessels of 100 talents, 100 talents of gold and other vessels to twelve priests; left on 12/I; was delivered from ambushes; reached Jerusalem, rested three days, weighed the treasure, offered sacrifices for all Israel and delivered the king's orders to the satraps.
Historical overview
Layer: Historical reconstruction · Period: Spring–summer of the king's seventh year (458 BC on the Artaxerxes I reading)
Yamauchi (via Guzik) estimates about 900 miles travelled along the Euphrates and south — some 500 miles direct — in four months.[1]
- Artaxerxes I (Longimanus): The king (identification disputed)[2, 3]
Kingdoms: Achaemenid Persian Empire, Kingdom of Judah
Date and chronology derivation
Ranges are computed by the project's deterministic chronology engine from the biblical statements and each model's reign anchors. They are reconstructions, not independent dates.
459 BC – 457 BC
Model-independent (applies under every chronology model) · precision: undated
How this range was derived
Earliest bound
- “went up to Jerusalem in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the king” — Artaxerxes' decree to Ezra in his seventh year (Ezra 7) in regnal year reign of Artaxerxes I (Longimanus) (year 7) [reckoned accession, nisan new year] (Ezra 7:7–9)[4, 5]Assumption: Artaxerxes of Ezra 7 = Artaxerxes I (the majority view among sources read; Newton reports Funccius placing Ezra under Artaxerxes II). Nisan reckoning: year 7 began 1 Nisan = 8 Apr 458; Ezra arrived 1 Ab = 4 Aug 458 (Parker & Dubberstein table).
- “Blessed be the LORD … who has put such a thing as this in the king's heart … I gathered together chief men of Israel to go up with me” — Ezra's caravan from the Ahava to Jerusalem (Ezra 7:7–10; 8) after Artaxerxes' decree to Ezra in his seventh year (Ezra 7) (Ezra 7:27–28)
Latest bound
- “He came to Jerusalem in the fifth month, which was in the seventh year of the king” — Ezra's caravan from the Ahava to Jerusalem (Ezra 7:7–10; 8) in regnal year reign of Artaxerxes I (Longimanus) (year 7) [reckoned accession, nisan new year] (Ezra 7:8)Assumption: As on the decree event: the king is taken as Artaxerxes I (disputed; see the claim on the decree event). Babylonian reckoning: year 7 began 8 April 458 (Parker & Dubberstein).
What else was happening? (model-independent)
- Daniel's refusal of the king's food and the ten-day test (Dan 1:8–16): 606 BC – ?
- Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7): 603 BC – ?
- Nebuchadnezzar's decree honouring the God of the three Judeans (Dan 3:28–30): 603 BC – ?
- The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27): 603 BC – ?
- The thirty-day decree and Daniel in the lions' den (Dan 6:4–23): 539 BC – ?
- Darius appoints 120 satraps and three chief officials (Dan 6:1–3, 28): 539 BC – ?
- The accusers punished; Darius's decree honouring the God of Daniel (Dan 6:24–27): 539 BC – ?
- Artaxerxes I (Longimanus) (reign): 465 BC – 423 BC
- Artaxerxes' decree to Ezra in his seventh year (Ezra 7): 459 BC – 457 BC
- Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26): 589 BC – ?
- Accusations to Ahasuerus and the Rehum–Shimshai letter to Artaxerxes; the city's rebuilding stopped (Ezra 4:6–23): 537 BC – ?
- The mixed-marriages crisis: Ezra's confession, the assembly in the rain (20/IX) and the commission (Ezra 9–10): 459 BC – 457 BC
- The first "burden" of Zechariah 9–11 (undated oracle collection): 518 BC – ?
- The second "burden" of Zechariah 12–14 (undated oracle collection): 518 BC – ?
- Malachi's disputations with priests and people (Mal 1–4; undated, mid-fifth century BC): 465 BC – 423 BC
- The institution of Purim; Mordecai second to the king (Esth 9:20–10:3): 474 BC – ?
Ancient and modern geography
Location confidence assumes the event as described. Whether it occurred is assessed in the claims below.
| Place | Connection to this event | Location identification |
|---|---|---|
| BabylonBabil (ruins near Hillah) | Origin (Babylonia)Location confidence: certain | Babylon (Pleiades 893951): certain[6] |
| JerusalemJerusalem (Old City / City of David) | DestinationLocation confidence: certain | Pleiades representative point: certain[7] |
Claims, evidence and classifications
Each claim is classified on its own. A classification describes the evidence for that specific claim, not for the event as a whole.
Ezra's list registers 1,496 males in twelve family groups, joined by 38 Levites and 220 temple servants.
Summed for this unit from the WEB text (150 + 200 + 300 + 50 + 70 + 80 + 218 + 160 + 28 + 110 + 60 + 70 = 1,496), agreeing with Guzik; Levites 18 + 20 = 38; temple servants 220. No external record of the caravan exists.
Supporting
- At least 1,496 men in the group.[8]Strength: indirect·on 8:3–14·Claim checked
Research date 2026-10-13
Evidence by type
The same evidence regrouped by kind of source. Each item names the claims it bears on.
Archaeological evidence
None recorded for this event.
Scientific findings
None recorded for this event.
Ancient documents
None recorded for this event.
Modern news and announcements
None recorded for this event.
Reference works and summaries
None recorded for this event.
Historical disputes and competing reconstructions
Related passages and events
| From | Relationship | To | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| this event | Preceded byhigh · Biblical text | Artaxerxes' decree to Ezra in his seventh year (Ezra 7) | The journey carries out the king's letter. |
| this event | Thematic parallelmedium · Biblical text | The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2) | Families join the descendants of those who returned with Zerubbabel (same family names: Parosh, Pahath-moab, Adin, Elam …).[8] |
| this event | Thematic parallelmedium · Biblical text | Artaxerxes sends Nehemiah to rebuild Jerusalem, Nisan of his twentieth year (Neh 2:1–8) | Ezra declined an escort; Nehemiah accepted one (Neh 2:9).[8] |
Prophetic relationships
No prophecy or proposed-fulfillment relationships have been recorded for this event.
Commentary references
Layer: Interpretation. This is commentary, not historical evidence.
Guzik contrasts Ezra's refusal of an escort with Nehemiah's acceptance of one (Kidner) and counts at least 1,496 men.[8]
Unanswered questions and research gaps
- 1 Esdras 8 numbers not compared.
- Ahava and Casiphia are unlocated.
- The size of the treasure (650 talents of silver, 100 of gold) is very large; no study of it was read.
Research process
2 logged searches
| Date | Query | Where | Useful |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-13 | WEB Ezra 8 (items summed for this unit) | local text | 1 |
| 2026-10-13 | Enduring Word Ezra 7–8 | web fetch | 2 |
Sources
- 1.Guzik, David. Ezra 7 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryInterpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log
- 2.Ryle, Herbert Edward. The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah, with Introduction, Notes and Maps (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges). Cambridge University Press, 1893. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text.Verification log
- 3.Keil, C. F., Taylor, Sophia (trans.). Biblical Commentary on the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther (Clark's Foreign Theological Library). T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1873. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text.Verification log
- 4.Parker, Richard A., Dubberstein, Waldo H.. Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C.–A.D. 45 (SAOC 24). University of Chicago Press (Oriental Institute). archive.orgClaim checkedAcademic monographRead through the Internet Archive OCR text of the Oriental Institute PDF; OCR has digit errors (e.g. "589" for 539) checked against context. The 1956 revised edition was not consulted.Verification log
- 5.Newton, Isaac. Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John. Project Gutenberg #16878 (first published 1733). www.gutenberg.orgClaim checkedTheological commentaryRead through the Gutenberg text (pglaf mirror), Part I chs. 4–8.Verification log
- 6.Pleiades contributors. Babylon — Pleiades place 893951. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 44.42497815, lat 32.53729695.Verification log
- 7.Pleiades contributors. Ierusalem/Hierosolyma — Pleiades place 687928. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 35.234978, lat 31.7771895.Verification log
- 8.Guzik, David. Ezra 8 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryInterpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log
- 9.Batten, Loring W.. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah (International Critical Commentary). T. & T. Clark / Scribner, 1913. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text.Verification log
- 10.Josephus, Whiston, William (trans.). Josephus, Antiquities 11.5.1–2 (trans. W. Whiston). Project Gutenberg #2848. www.gutenberg.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textVerification log