Skip to content
Biblical History Atlas

Historical event dossier · Religious

Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19)

Researched — not human reviewedRevision 1Last reviewed: not reviewed

Human review pending. 6 items from this dossier are awaiting the project owner's review: “Disputed: the murder of Onias III (2 Macc 4) vs Josephus's account” (queued 2026-10-13, status open). “Disputed: 1 Nisan 445 BC — 14 March (Anderson) or 13 April (Parker & Dubberstein)” (queued 2026-10-13, status open). “Proposed fulfillment (Jeremiah's seventy years): Babylonian supremacy: c. 609/605 to 539/538 BC” (queued 2026-10-13, status open). “Proposed fulfillment (Jeremiah's seventy years): Desolation of the Temple: 587/586 to 516/515 BC” (queued 2026-10-13, status open). “Proposed fulfillment (Jeremiah's seventy years): The land's sabbaths, ended by Cyrus's decree (Chronicler)” (queued 2026-10-13, status open). “Critical-priority finding: Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19)” (queued 2026-10-13, status open). All classifications on this page are machine-proposed unless marked otherwise. Review happens offline. This site has no review controls.

Biblical references

Text: World English Bible (public domain). The ESV and NKJV are the preferred study translations and are referenced, not reproduced.

Daniel 9:1–2Superscription
1 In the first year of Darius the son of Ahasuerus, of the offspring of the Medes, who was made king over the realm of the Chaldeans— 2 in the first year of his reign I, Daniel, understood by the books the number of the years about which the LORD’s word came to Jeremiah the prophet for the accomplishing of the desolations of Jerusalem, even seventy years.

First year of Darius son of Ahasuerus.

Daniel 9:3–19Narration
3 I set my face to the Lord God, to seek by prayer and petitions, with fasting and sackcloth and ashes. 4 I prayed to the LORD my God, and made confession, and said, “Oh, Lord, the great and dreadful God, who keeps covenant and loving kindness with those who love him and keep his commandments, 5 we have sinned, and have dealt perversely, and have done wickedly, and have rebelled, even turning aside from your precepts and from your ordinances. 6 We haven’t listened to your servants the prophets, who spoke in your name to our kings, our princes, and our fathers, and to all the people of the land. 7 “Lord, righteousness belongs to you, but to us confusion of face, as it is today; to the men of Judah, and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and to all Israel, who are near and who are far off, through all the countries where you have driven them, because of their trespass that they have trespassed against you. 8 Lord, to us belongs confusion of face, to our kings, to our princes, and to our fathers, because we have sinned against you. 9 To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgiveness, for we have rebelled against him. 10 We haven’t obeyed the LORD our God’s voice, to walk in his laws, which he set before us by his servants the prophets. 11 Yes, all Israel have transgressed your law, turning aside, and not obeying your voice. “Therefore the curse and the oath written in the law of Moses the servant of God has been poured out on us, for we have sinned against him. 12 He has confirmed his words, which he spoke against us and against our judges who judged us, by bringing on us a great evil; for under the whole sky, such has not been done as has been done to Jerusalem. 13 As it is written in the law of Moses, all this evil has come on us. Yet we have not entreated the favor of the LORD our God, that we should turn from our iniquities and have discernment in your truth. 14 Therefore the LORD has watched over the evil, and brought it on us; for the LORD our God is righteous in all his works which he does, and we have not obeyed his voice. 15 “Now, Lord our God, who has brought your people out of the land of Egypt with a mighty hand, and have gotten yourself renown, as it is today, we have sinned. We have done wickedly. 16 Lord, according to all your righteousness, please let your anger and your wrath be turned away from your city Jerusalem, your holy mountain; because for our sins and for the iniquities of our fathers, Jerusalem and your people have become a reproach to all who are around us. 17 “Now therefore, our God, listen to the prayer of your servant and to his petitions, and cause your face to shine on your sanctuary that is desolate, for the Lord’s sake. 18 My God, turn your ear and hear. Open your eyes and see our desolations, and the city which is called by your name; for we do not present our petitions before you for our righteousness, but for your great mercies’ sake. 19 Lord, hear. Lord, forgive. Lord, listen and do. Don’t defer, for your own sake, my God, because your city and your people are called by your name.”

The prayer.

Connection: Daniel reads Jeremiah's word of seventy years (9:2). (confidence: high)

Connection: The seventy-year word was given in Jehoiakim's fourth year (Jer 25:1, 11). (confidence: high)

Connection: The letter promising return "after seventy years are accomplished for Babylon". (confidence: high)

Biblical account

Layer: Biblical text

In the first year of Darius son of Ahasuerus, a Mede made king over the Chaldean realm, Daniel learns from the books that Jeremiah's word allotted seventy years to Jerusalem's desolations. He seeks God with fasting, sackcloth and ashes, confesses that Israel has sinned and that the curse written in the law of Moses has justly come upon it, and pleads for mercy on the desolate sanctuary and the city called by God's name.

Historical overview

Layer: Historical reconstruction · Period: Narrative setting: the first year after Babylon's fall to the Persians (539/538 BC on the text's own sequence); composition date disputed

Daniel dates the prayer by Darius the Mede, whom no external source names (see the Daniel 5–6 records and their open review). Babylon fell to Cyrus's army in October 539; Cyrus's first Babylonian year began 24 March 538. The prayer's concern — the end of seventy years and the desolate Temple — matches the period before the return.[1, 2]

Kingdoms: Achaemenid Persian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire

Date and chronology derivation

Ranges are computed by the project's deterministic chronology engine from the biblical statements and each model's reign anchors. They are reconstructions, not independent dates.

539 BC – 536 BC

Model-independent (applies under every chronology model) · precision: undated

How this range was derived

Earliest bound

  1. Synchronism: Fall of Babylon: 16 Tašrītu, Nabonidus year 17 (ABC 7) — independently dated between 12 Oct 539 BC and 13 Oct 539 BC (Babylonian day date converted with Parker & Dubberstein (1942) tables) (Daniel 5:30–31)[1, 3, 4]Assumption: 16 Tašrītu year 17 = 13 Oct 539 (Parker & Dubberstein 1942, p. 11; month VII began 28 Sep). Many modern works give 12 Oct; the one-day spread reflects day-boundary and month-start conventions. Window 12–13 Oct. The chronicle year is lost on the tablet; the 17th year of Nabonidus is fixed by context and the Babylonian king-list chronology (Parker & Dubberstein).
  2. “your kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians … In that night Belshazzar … was slain. Darius the Mede received the kingdom” — Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) days later Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC) (Daniel 5:28–31)[3]Assumption: Daniel does not date "that night" or name the capture; this constraint assumes it is the night Babylon was entered (16 Tašrītu). Babylonian sources do not record Belshazzar's death; if he died elsewhere or earlier, this constraint does not hold.
  3. “Darius … who was made king over the realm of the Chaldeans” — Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19) after Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) (Daniel 9:1)

Latest bound

  1. Synchronism: Fall of Babylon: 16 Tašrītu, Nabonidus year 17 (ABC 7) — independently dated between 12 Oct 539 BC and 13 Oct 539 BC (Babylonian day date converted with Parker & Dubberstein (1942) tables) (Daniel 5:30–31)[1, 3, 4]Assumption: 16 Tašrītu year 17 = 13 Oct 539 (Parker & Dubberstein 1942, p. 11; month VII began 28 Sep). Many modern works give 12 Oct; the one-day spread reflects day-boundary and month-start conventions. Window 12–13 Oct. The chronicle year is lost on the tablet; the 17th year of Nabonidus is fixed by context and the Babylonian king-list chronology (Parker & Dubberstein).
  2. “your kingdom is divided, and given to the Medes and Persians … In that night Belshazzar … was slain. Darius the Mede received the kingdom” — Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) days later Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC) (Daniel 5:28–31)[3]Assumption: Daniel does not date "that night" or name the capture; this constraint assumes it is the night Babylon was entered (16 Tašrītu). Babylonian sources do not record Belshazzar's death; if he died elsewhere or earlier, this constraint does not hold.
  3. “In the first year of Darius … in the first year of his reign” — Daniel reads Jeremiah's seventy years and prays (Dan 9:1–19) years later Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31) (Daniel 9:1–2)Assumption: Darius's first year is counted from his receiving the kingdom at Belshazzar's death (Dan 5:31), whatever his identity. The 0–2 year margin covers counting the accession year or the first full year. No identification of Darius the Mede is assumed; the identity question remains under review from Daniel 5.

View on the timeline →

What else was happening? (model-independent)

  • Daniel's refusal of the king's food and the ten-day test (Dan 1:8–16): 606 BC – ?
  • Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7): 603 BC – ?
  • Nebuchadnezzar's decree honouring the God of the three Judeans (Dan 3:28–30): 603 BC – ?
  • The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27): 603 BC – ?
  • Belshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31): 539 BC
  • Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall (Dan 5:1–29): 539 BC
  • Fall of Babylon to Cyrus (October 539 BC): 539 BC
  • Daniel continues until the first year of King Cyrus (Dan 1:21): 538 BC – 537 BC
  • Cyrus II (the Great) (reign): 539 BC – 530 BC
  • Nabonidus (reign): 556 BC – 539 BC
  • The thirty-day decree and Daniel in the lions' den (Dan 6:4–23): 539 BC – ?
  • Darius appoints 120 satraps and three chief officials (Dan 6:1–3, 28): 539 BC – ?
  • The accusers punished; Darius's decree honouring the God of Daniel (Dan 6:24–27): 539 BC – ?
  • Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7): ? – 539 BC
  • Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8): ? – 539 BC
  • Cyrus's proclamation permitting the return and the rebuilding of the Temple (Ezra 1; 6:3–5): 538 BC – 537 BC
  • Gabriel comes at the evening offering with the word of the seventy weeks (Dan 9:20–27): 539 BC – 536 BC
  • Daniel's vision by the Tigris in the third year of Cyrus (Dan 10:1–11:1): 536 BC – 535 BC
  • The closing dialogue by the river: the oath, the numbers and Daniel's dismissal (Dan 12:5–13): 536 BC – 535 BC
  • Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26): 589 BC – ?
  • Cyrus returns the Temple vessels to Sheshbazzar; the first return (Ezra 1:5–11): 538 BC – 530 BC
  • The altar rebuilt in Jerusalem and the Feast of Booths kept (Ezra 3:1–7): 538 BC – 530 BC
  • The return of the exiles with Zerubbabel and Jeshua; the list of returnees (Ezra 2): 538 BC – 531 BC
  • The foundation of the Second Temple laid (Ezra 3:8–13): 537 BC – 530 BC
  • Opposition from the people of the land; the Temple work ceases until Darius's second year (Ezra 4:1–5, 24): 537 BC – 519 BC
  • Accusations to Ahasuerus and the Rehum–Shimshai letter to Artaxerxes; the city's rebuilding stopped (Ezra 4:6–23): 537 BC – ?

Ancient and modern geography

Location confidence assumes the event as described. Whether it occurred is assessed in the claims below.

PlaceConnection to this eventLocation identification
JerusalemJerusalem (Old City / City of David)The desolate city prayed forLocation confidence: certainPleiades representative point: certain[5]
BabylonBabil (ruins near Hillah)Probable place of the prayer (not stated)Location confidence: proposed — possibleBabylon (Pleiades 893951): certain[6]

View on the map →

Claims, evidence and classifications

Each claim is classified on its own. A classification describes the evidence for that specific claim, not for the event as a whole.

Onias III, the legitimate high priest, was murdered near Antioch at the instigation of Menelaus (c. 171 BC).

DisputedOwner review pendingExternal evidenceIn owner review queue

2 Maccabees narrates the murder at Daphne; Driver reports that historians generally accept it (Ewald, Schürer, Graetz). But 2 Maccabees alone records it, and Josephus elsewhere (B.J.) has Onias flee to Egypt and found the Leontopolis temple; Wellhausen rejected the 2 Maccabees account (as reported by Driver). The identification of Onias with the "anointed one" of 9:26 is a separate, interpretive question.

Supporting

  • Onias, in sanctuary at Daphne near Antioch, is lured out and killed by Andronicus at Menelaus's request; the king later executes Andronicus.[7]Strength: direct·2 Macc 4:33–38·Claim checked
  • The account "is accepted generally by historians" (Ewald, Schürer, Graetz).[2]Strength: indirect·p. 140 n. 1·Claim checked

Challenging

  • 2 Maccabees alone records it; Josephus (B.J. 1.1.1; 7.10.2–3) has Onias himself flee to Egypt and found the temple at Leontopolis; Wellhausen rejected the account.[2]Strength: indirect·p. 140 n. 1·Claim checked
  • "Onias, the high priest, fled to Ptolemy" and built a temple in the nome of Heliopolis — a different end for the high priest named Onias.[8]Strength: direct·B.J. 1.1.1·Claim checked

Limitations of this classification: Whether Josephus's Onias in B.J. 1.1.1 is Onias III or his son (as in Ant. 12.9.7) is itself disputed.

Research date 2026-10-13

1 Nisan of Artaxerxes I's twentieth year fell on 14 March 445 BC.

DisputedOwner review pendingHistorical reconstructionIn owner review queue

Anderson derives 14 March from the astronomical new moon of 13 March 445 BC computed for him at Greenwich, assuming no intercalary month. Parker & Dubberstein's Babylonian table (built from attested and reconstructed intercalations) places 1 Nisan of year 19 on 26 Mar 446 and of year 20 on 13 Apr 445 — 384 days apart, i.e. a thirteen-month year with an intercalary month (operator arithmetic from the table; whether that intercalation is attested or reconstructed was not checked in the plate). The Judean calendar of Nehemiah's day need not have intercalated as Babylon did, so the table does not prove Anderson wrong, but his date is not the Babylonian one. Separately, the 173,880-day interval: in the proleptic Julian calendar 14 Mar 445 BC to 6 Apr AD 32 is 173,882 days (Julian day numbers; operator calculation); Anderson reaches 173,880 by counting the end-days inclusively and adding only 116 leap days, applying the Gregorian three-in-four-centuries correction to Julian dates (his own footnote).

Supporting

  • New moon 13 March 445 BC at 7h 9m (Jerusalem), from Airy's letter of 26 June 1877; "the 1st Nisan may be assigned to the 14th March".[9]Strength: direct·pp. 123–124 and note·Claim checked

Challenging

  • 1 Nisan of year 20 = 13 April 445 BC in the Babylonian calendar.[1]Strength: direct·Table, Artaxerxes I year 20·Claim checked

Context

  • 476 years × 365 + 24 days (inclusive) + 116 leap days = 173,880; the note explains the Gregorian correction of three leap years in four centuries.[9]Strength: direct·p. 128 and note·Claim checked

Limitations of this classification: Judean vs Babylonian intercalation not established for 446/445. P&D Plate I (attested vs reconstructed intercalations) not read in the OCR.

Research date 2026-10-13

Gabriel brought Daniel the word of the seventy weeks.

Not empirically testableMachine-proposedBiblical text

An angelic revelation cannot be assessed historically. This is not a theological verdict.

Research date 2026-10-13

Ancient Jewish and Christian chronographers overestimated the length of the Persian period.

Historically plausibleMachine-proposedExternal evidence

Driver and Montgomery (after Schürer) cite Demetrius and Josephus as overestimating the interval from the exile to the Hellenistic period by decades — the basis on which critical scholars explain the 67-year excess in a Maccabean reading. Demetrius's figures are textually uncertain (Behrmann, as reported by Driver), and the primary texts were not read here.

Supporting

  • Josephus reckons 639 years from Cyrus's second year to AD 70 and other overestimates; Demetrius reckons 573 years from the fall of Samaria to Ptolemy IV — about 73 too many.[2]Strength: indirect·p. 147·Claim checked

Limitations of this classification: Demetrius and Josephus not read directly on this point.

Research date 2026-10-13

Evidence by type

The same evidence regrouped by kind of source. Each item names the claims it bears on.

Archaeological evidence

None recorded for this event.

Scientific findings

None recorded for this event.

Ancient documents

Modern news and announcements

None recorded for this event.

Reference works and summaries

Historical disputes and competing reconstructions

Disputed claims: Onias III, the legitimate high priest, was murdered near Antioch at the instigation of Menelaus (c. 171 BC).1 Nisan of Artaxerxes I's twentieth year fell on 14 March 445 BC.

  • Dated by the fall of Babylon (539/538 BC)

    This project's model-independent constraint (operator inference)

    Counting Darius's first year from his receiving the kingdom at Belshazzar's death gives c. Oct 539 – 537. This depends only on the text's sequence, not on who Darius was.[1]

  • Darius = Gubaru/Ugbaru, Cyaxares II, or Cyrus himself

    See the Darius the Mede record (Dan 5–6)

    Each identification places the first year in 539/538; Jerome rejects identification with Darius I (Porphyry) or Darius III.[10]

  • Darius the Mede as a literary conflation (critical view)

    S. R. Driver (1900)

    If the author confused the Persian Darius with a Median ruler, the "first year" is a narrative date only.[2]

Related passages and events

FromRelationshipToBasis
this eventDirect referencehigh · Biblical textJeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2)Daniel reads Jeremiah's word of seventy years (9:2).
this eventDirect referencehigh · Biblical textThe word to Jeremiah in Jehoiakim's fourth year, Nebuchadnezzar's first (Jer 25:1–14)The seventy-year word was given in Jehoiakim's fourth year (Jer 25:1, 11).
this eventDirect referencehigh · Biblical textJeremiah 29:10The letter promising return "after seventy years are accomplished for Babylon".
this eventThematic parallelmedium · Biblical textNehemiah 9:6–37Another post-exilic prayer of national confession in Deuteronomic language.
this eventThematic parallelhigh · Biblical textDeuteronomy 28:15–68"The curse and the oath written in the law of Moses" (9:11).
this eventPreceded byhigh · Biblical textBelshazzar slain; Darius the Mede receives the kingdom (Dan 5:30–31)Darius had been made king over the Chaldeans (9:1; 5:31).

Prophetic relationships

No prophecy or proposed-fulfillment relationships have been recorded for this event.

Vision content and interpretations

The symbolic content of a vision is not a historical occurrence. Identifications the text itself makes are marked as such. Every other reading is an interpretation, attributed to its proponents and labelled by approach. Proposed fulfillments await owner review and are never presented as established fact.

Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2) (Jeremiah 25:11–12)

The nations will serve the king of Babylon seventy years; when they are completed Babylon will be punished (Jer 25:11–12) and the exiles visited and returned (29:10). Daniel reads it as seventy years "for the desolations of Jerusalem" (Dan 9:2).

In the text: Later biblical texts apply it differently: 2 Chr 36:21–22 to the land's sabbath rest until the kingdom of Persia and Cyrus's first year; Zech 1:12 (Darius's second year) to "these seventy years" of indignation against Jerusalem; Dan 9:24 extends it to seventy weeks.

  • Babylonian supremacy: c. 609/605 to 539/538 BC

    PreteristHistorical-critical and conservativeMachine-proposedIn owner review queueProponents: S. R. Driver (1900): "the 70 years of the Chaldaean supremacy"; D. Guzik (counting from 605, the first deportation)

    Textual reasoning: Jer 25:11 speaks of the nations serving the king of Babylon; 25:12 ends the period with Babylon's punishment. Historical evidence: Babylon fell in Oct 539 (Nabonidus Chronicle) and Cyrus's first Babylonian year began Nisan 538. Objection: 605–539 is 66 years, so "seventy" is taken as round or the end point moved later (Guzik: the period still had "three or four years" to run at Dan 9).[2, 11]

    Seventy years → From Babylon's rise over Judah to its fall

  • Desolation of the Temple: 587/586 to 516/515 BC

    PreteristInner-biblical reading (Zechariah); patristicMachine-proposedIn owner review queueProponents: Zechariah 1:12; 7:5 (text, in Darius I's 2nd and 4th years); Jerome ("seventy years for the desolation of the Temple")

    Textual reasoning: in Darius I's second year (Zech 1:7, 12) the angel still speaks of "these seventy years" of indignation against Jerusalem, and the Temple was finished in Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15). From the destruction (587/586) to the completion (Adar 515) is about 70 years (operator arithmetic). Objection: Jeremiah's own wording is about serving Babylon, not the Temple.[1, 10]

    Seventy years → From the Temple's destruction to its rebuilding

  • The land's sabbaths, ended by Cyrus's decree (Chronicler)

    PreteristInner-biblical reading (Chronicles)Machine-proposedIn owner review queueProponents: 2 Chronicles 36:20–22 (text); S. R. Driver (on Dan 9:2 and 9:24); D. Guzik (2 Chronicles 36)

    The Chronicler joins Jeremiah's seventy years to the land enjoying its sabbaths (Lev 26:34–35) "until the reign of the kingdom of Persia", and dates Cyrus's proclamation to his first year "that the LORD's word by Jeremiah's mouth might be accomplished". Driver notes that Dan 9:24 develops this sabbatical reading into seventy weeks of years. Guzik: about 490 years of neglected sabbath years left the land owing seventy, collected in the exile; he gives no start or end year.[2, 12]

    Seventy years → The land's sabbath rest until Cyrus

Commentary references

Layer: Interpretation. This is commentary, not historical evidence.

Guzik leaves Darius unidentified, reads Jeremiah's seventy years literally from the first deportation in 605, and presents the prayer as a model of confession that takes God's promises as a reason to pray.[11]

Unanswered questions and research gaps

  • Scofield Reference Bible (1917) notes on Daniel 9 not found online in the 1917 series.
  • Hoehner (1977) not accessible.
  • Old Greek and Theodotion of 9:24–27 not read (only as quoted by Driver).
  • Qumran use of the seventy weeks (e.g. 11QMelchizedek) not researched.
  • The patronymic "son of Ahasuerus" is unexplained by external sources.
  • The relation of the prayer to Neh 9 and Baruch 1–2 was not researched.

Research process

8 logged searches
DateQueryWhereUseful
2026-10-13Enduring Word Daniel 9web fetch1
2026-10-13Jerome on Daniel 9 (local text): catalogue of seventy-weeks interpretationslocal text1
2026-10-13Driver 1900 pp. 126–150; Montgomery 1927 on 9:24–27; Newton ch. 10; Miller 1842 (local OCR texts)local text4
2026-10-13archive.org: Anderson, The Coming PrinceFirst download returned HTTP 500; retried successfully.archive.org1
2026-10-13archive.org: Scofield Reference Bible 1917 (Daniel volume)Only NT volumes of the 1917 series found; Scofield notes not read.archive.org0
2026-10-13Parker & Dubberstein: Darius I, Xerxes, Artaxerxes I evidence and year tableslocal text1
2026-10-13WEB 2 Maccabees 4 (USFM)local text1
2026-10-13Cyrus Cylinder lines 30–34 (Livius)Judah and Jerusalem are not named.web fetch1

Sources

  1. 1.
    Parker, Richard A., Dubberstein, Waldo H.. Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C.–A.D. 45 (SAOC 24). University of Chicago Press (Oriental Institute). archive.orgClaim checkedAcademic monographRead through the Internet Archive OCR text of the Oriental Institute PDF; OCR has digit errors (e.g. "589" for 539) checked against context. The 1956 revised edition was not consulted.Verification log
  2. 2.
    Driver, S. R.. The Book of Daniel (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges). Cambridge University Press. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text (Google scan).Verification log
  3. 3.
    Lendering, Jona (ed.). ABC 7 (Nabonidus Chronicle) — English translation on Livius.org. Livius.org. www.livius.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textFull translation page read. The page gives no museum number and no Julian dates.Verification log
  4. 4.
    Cogan, Mordechai (trans., COS 2003), Schaudig, Hanspeter (edition), van der Spek, R. J.. Cyrus Cylinder — English translation on Livius.org. Livius.org. www.livius.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textPage states only that the cylinder is in the British Museum.Verification log
  5. 5.
    Pleiades contributors. Ierusalem/Hierosolyma — Pleiades place 687928. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 35.234978, lat 31.7771895.Verification log
  6. 6.
    Pleiades contributors. Babylon — Pleiades place 893951. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 44.42497815, lat 32.53729695.Verification log
  7. 7.
    World English Bible contributors. World English Bible — Apocrypha/Deuterocanon (2 Maccabees 4). eBible.org (eng-web USFM). ebible.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textVerification log
  8. 8.
    Josephus, Whiston, William (trans.). Josephus, The Wars of the Jews 1.1.1 (trans. W. Whiston). Project Gutenberg #2850. www.gutenberg.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textVerification log
  9. 9.
    Anderson, Sir Robert. The Coming Prince, or the Seventy Weeks of Daniel (11th edition). Pickering & Inglis (Glasgow), n.d. (first ed. 1881). archive.orgClaim checkedTheological commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text (eleventh edition). Archive metadata gives 1900; the volume itself is undated.Verification log
  10. 10.
    Jerome, Archer, Gleason L. (trans.). Jerome, Commentary on Daniel (trans. Gleason L. Archer, 1958) — chapter 9. tertullian.org (transcribed by Roger Pearse). www.tertullian.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textVerification log
  11. 11.
    Guzik, David. Daniel 9 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryInterpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log
  12. 12.
    Guzik, David. 2 Chronicles 36 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryInterpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log