Biblical references
Text: World English Bible (public domain). The ESV and NKJV are the preferred study translations and are referenced, not reproduced.
8 Now in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard, a servant of the king of Babylon, came to Jerusalem. 9 He burned the LORD’s house, the king’s house, and all the houses of Jerusalem. He burned every great house with fire. 10 All the army of the Chaldeans, who were with the captain of the guard, broke down the walls around Jerusalem. 11 Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away captive the rest of the people who were left in the city and those who had deserted to the king of Babylon—all the rest of the multitude. 12 But the captain of the guard left some of the poorest of the land to work the vineyards and fields. 13 The Chaldeans broke up the pillars of bronze that were in the LORD’s house and the bases and the bronze sea that were in the LORD’s house, and carried the bronze pieces to Babylon. 14 They took away the pots, the shovels, the snuffers, the spoons, and all the vessels of bronze with which they ministered. 15 The captain of the guard took away the fire pans, the basins, that which was of gold, for gold, and that which was of silver, for silver. 16 The two pillars, the one sea, and the bases, which Solomon had made for the LORD’s house, the bronze of all these vessels was not weighed. 17 The height of the one pillar was eighteen cubits, and a capital of bronze was on it. The height of the capital was three cubits, with network and pomegranates on the capital around it, all of bronze; and the second pillar with its network was like these. 18 The captain of the guard took Seraiah the chief priest, Zephaniah the second priest, and the three keepers of the threshold; 19 and out of the city he took an officer who was set over the men of war; and five men of those who saw the king’s face, who were found in the city; and the scribe, the captain of the army, who mustered the people of the land, and sixty men of the people of the land who were found in the city. 20 Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard took them, and brought them to the king of Babylon to Riblah. 21 The king of Babylon attacked them and put them to death at Riblah in the land of Hamath. So Judah was carried away captive out of his land.
12 Now in the fifth month, in the tenth day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard, who stood before the king of Babylon, came into Jerusalem. 13 He burned the LORD’s house, and the king’s house; and all the houses of Jerusalem, even every great house, he burned with fire. 14 All the army of the Chaldeans, who were with the captain of the guard, broke down all the walls of Jerusalem all around. 15 Then Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard carried away captive of the poorest of the people, and the rest of the people who were left in the city, and those who fell away, who defected to the king of Babylon, and the rest of the multitude. 16 But Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard left of the poorest of the land to be vineyard keepers and farmers. 17 The Chaldeans broke the pillars of bronze that were in the LORD’s house and the bases and the bronze sea that were in the LORD’s house in pieces, and carried all of their bronze to Babylon. 18 They also took away the pots, the shovels, the snuffers, the basins, the spoons, and all the vessels of bronze with which they ministered. 19 The captain of the guard took away the cups, the fire pans, the basins, the pots, the lamp stands, the spoons, and the bowls; that which was of gold, as gold, and that which was of silver, as silver. 20 They took the two pillars, the one sea, and the twelve bronze bulls that were under the bases, which King Solomon had made for the LORD’s house. The bronze of all these vessels was without weight. 21 As for the pillars, the height of the one pillar was eighteen cubits; and a line of twelve cubits encircled it; and its thickness was four fingers. It was hollow. 22 A capital of bronze was on it; and the height of the one capital was five cubits, with network and pomegranates on the capital all around, all of bronze. The second pillar also had the same, with pomegranates. 23 There were ninety-six pomegranates on the sides; all the pomegranates were one hundred on the network all around. 24 The captain of the guard took Seraiah the chief priest, and Zephaniah the second priest, and the three keepers of the threshold, 25 and out of the city he took an officer who was set over the men of war; and seven men of those who saw the king’s face, who were found in the city; and the scribe of the captain of the army, who mustered the people of the land; and sixty men of the people of the land, who were found in the middle of the city. 26 Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard took them, and brought them to the king of Babylon to Riblah. 27 The king of Babylon struck them, and put them to death at Riblah in the land of Hamath. So Judah was carried away captive out of his land.
Tenth day of the month.
17 Therefore he brought on them the king of the Chaldeans, who killed their young men with the sword in the house of their sanctuary, and had no compassion on young man or virgin, old man or infirm. He gave them all into his hand. 18 All the vessels of God’s house, great and small, and the treasures of the LORD’s house, and the treasures of the king and of his princes, all these he brought to Babylon. 19 They burned God’s house, broke down the wall of Jerusalem, burned all its palaces with fire, and destroyed all of its valuable vessels. 20 He carried those who had escaped from the sword away to Babylon, and they were servants to him and his sons until the reign of the kingdom of Persia,
17 Therefore he brought on them the king of the Chaldeans, who killed their young men with the sword in the house of their sanctuary, and had no compassion on young man or virgin, old man or infirm. He gave them all into his hand. 18 All the vessels of God’s house, great and small, and the treasures of the LORD’s house, and the treasures of the king and of his princes, all these he brought to Babylon. 19 They burned God’s house, broke down the wall of Jerusalem, burned all its palaces with fire, and destroyed all of its valuable vessels.
Biblical account
Layer: Biblical text
On 7/V of Nebuchadnezzar's nineteenth year Nebuzaradan burned the Temple, palace and great houses; the army broke down the walls; the rest were deported and the poorest left; the bronze pillars, stands and sea were broken up and taken; the chief priest Seraiah and others were executed at Riblah.
Historical overview
Layer: Historical reconstruction · Period: Ab 587 or 586 BC
On the Babylonian (accession-year) count Nebuchadnezzar's nineteenth year began in Nisan 586; on a non-accession count, in Nisan 587. The fifth month is Ab (July/August).[1, 2]
- Nebuchadnezzar II: King of Babylon
Kingdoms: Neo-Babylonian Empire, Kingdom of Judah
Date and chronology derivation
Ranges are computed by the project's deterministic chronology engine from the biblical statements and each model's reign anchors. They are reconstructions, not independent dates.
589 BC – 584 BC
Model-independent (applies under every chronology model) · precision: regnal year
How this range was derived
Earliest bound
- reign of Zedekiah began between 15 Mar 597 BC and 30 Apr 597 BC (model-independent) (2 Kings 24:18)[1, 3]Assumption: ABC 5: after capturing the city on 2 Adar year 7 (15/16 Mar 597) Nebuchadnezzar "appointed there a king of his own choice"; 2 Kgs 24:17. Upper bound (end of April 597) is an operator margin covering Nisan 597. End in summer 587 or 586 BC depending on reckoning (see the two chronology models).
- “In the ninth year of his reign, in the tenth month” — The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year) years later reign of Zedekiah (2 Kings 25:1)Assumption: Zedekiah's ninth year counted from his installation in spring 597 by either Nisan or Tishri reckoning; margin 7–9 years after the start (operator).
- “So the city was besieged until the eleventh year … On the ninth day of the fourth month” — The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year) months later The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year) (2 Kings 25:2–3)[1]Assumption: From 10/X of year 9 to 9/IV of year 11 is about 18 months with Nisan years and about 30 months with Tishri years; both are allowed (Young 2004 discusses the options).
- “Now in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month” — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) days later The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year) (2 Kings 25:8)Assumption: From 9/IV to 7/V (Kings) or 10/V (Jer 52:12): 27–31 days with 29/30-day months.
Latest bound
- reign of Zedekiah began between 15 Mar 597 BC and 30 Apr 597 BC (model-independent) (2 Kings 24:18)[1, 3]Assumption: ABC 5: after capturing the city on 2 Adar year 7 (15/16 Mar 597) Nebuchadnezzar "appointed there a king of his own choice"; 2 Kgs 24:17. Upper bound (end of April 597) is an operator margin covering Nisan 597. End in summer 587 or 586 BC depending on reckoning (see the two chronology models).
- “In the ninth year of his reign, in the tenth month” — The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year) years later reign of Zedekiah (2 Kings 25:1)Assumption: Zedekiah's ninth year counted from his installation in spring 597 by either Nisan or Tishri reckoning; margin 7–9 years after the start (operator).
- “So the city was besieged until the eleventh year … On the ninth day of the fourth month” — The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year) months later The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year) (2 Kings 25:2–3)[1]Assumption: From 10/X of year 9 to 9/IV of year 11 is about 18 months with Nisan years and about 30 months with Tishri years; both are allowed (Young 2004 discusses the options).
- “Now in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month” — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) days later The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year) (2 Kings 25:8)Assumption: From 9/IV to 7/V (Kings) or 10/V (Jer 52:12): 27–31 days with 29/30-day months.
586 BC – 585 BC
Fall of Jerusalem in 586 BC (accession-year count of Nebuchadnezzar's years) · precision: regnal year
How this range was derived
Earliest bound
- “which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar” — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) in regnal year reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (year 19) [reckoned accession, nisan new year] (2 Kings 25:8)[1, 2]Assumption: Babylonian accession-year counting: year 19 = Nisan 586 – Nisan 585.
Latest bound
- “which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar” — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) in regnal year reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (year 19) [reckoned accession, nisan new year] (2 Kings 25:8)[1, 2]Assumption: Babylonian accession-year counting: year 19 = Nisan 586 – Nisan 585.
587 BC – 586 BC
Fall of Jerusalem in 587 BC (non-accession count of Nebuchadnezzar's years in 2 Kings) · precision: regnal year
How this range was derived
Earliest bound
- “which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar” — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) in regnal year reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (year 19) [reckoned non-accession, nisan new year] (2 Kings 25:8)[1]Assumption: Non-accession counting in 2 Kings (Young 2004): year 19 = Nisan 587 – Nisan 586.
Latest bound
- “which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar” — Nebuzaradan burns the Temple and Jerusalem (5th month of Nebuchadnezzar's 19th year) in regnal year reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (year 19) [reckoned non-accession, nisan new year] (2 Kings 25:8)[1]Assumption: Non-accession counting in 2 Kings (Young 2004): year 19 = Nisan 587 – Nisan 586.
What else was happening? (model-independent)
- Daniel's refusal of the king's food and the ten-day test (Dan 1:8–16): 606 BC – ?
- Nebuchadnezzar II (reign): 605 BC – 562 BC
- Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7): 603 BC – ?
- Nebuchadnezzar's decree honouring the God of the three Judeans (Dan 3:28–30): 603 BC – ?
- The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27): 603 BC – ?
- Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the great tree and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 4:4–27): 605 BC – 563 BC
- Nebuchadnezzar's boast, madness and restoration (Dan 4:28–37): 604 BC – 562 BC
- Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7): ? – 539 BC
- Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8): ? – 539 BC
- Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26): 589 BC – ?
- The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year): 589 BC – 585 BC
- The final siege of Jerusalem begins (10/X of Zedekiah's ninth year): 590 BC – 587 BC
- Zedekiah (reign): 597 BC – 586 BC
What else was happening? (Fall of Jerusalem in 586 BC (accession-year count of Nebuchadnezzar's years))
- Daniel's refusal of the king's food and the ten-day test (Dan 1:8–16): 606 BC – ?
- Nebuchadnezzar II (reign): 605 BC – 562 BC
- Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7): 603 BC – ?
- Nebuchadnezzar's decree honouring the God of the three Judeans (Dan 3:28–30): 603 BC – ?
- The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27): 603 BC – ?
- Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the great tree and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 4:4–27): 605 BC – 563 BC
- Nebuchadnezzar's boast, madness and restoration (Dan 4:28–37): 604 BC – 562 BC
- Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7): ? – 539 BC
- Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8): ? – 539 BC
- Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26): 586 BC – ?
- The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year): 586 BC – 585 BC
- Zedekiah (reign): 597 BC – 586 BC
What else was happening? (Fall of Jerusalem in 587 BC (non-accession count of Nebuchadnezzar's years in 2 Kings))
- Daniel's refusal of the king's food and the ten-day test (Dan 1:8–16): 606 BC – ?
- Nebuchadnezzar II (reign): 605 BC – 562 BC
- Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plain of Dura (Dan 3:1–7): 603 BC – ?
- Nebuchadnezzar's decree honouring the God of the three Judeans (Dan 3:28–30): 603 BC – ?
- The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego and the fiery furnace (Dan 3:8–27): 603 BC – ?
- Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the great tree and Daniel's interpretation (Dan 4:4–27): 605 BC – 563 BC
- Nebuchadnezzar's boast, madness and restoration (Dan 4:28–37): 604 BC – 562 BC
- Daniel's night vision of the four beasts and its interpretation (Dan 7): ? – 539 BC
- Daniel's vision of the ram and the goat at Susa (Dan 8): ? – 539 BC
- Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26): 587 BC – ?
- The breach of Jerusalem and Zedekiah's capture at Riblah (9/IV of Zedekiah's 11th year): 587 BC – 586 BC
- Zedekiah (reign): 597 BC – 586 BC
Ancient and modern geography
Location confidence assumes the event as described. Whether it occurred is assessed in the claims below.
| Place | Connection to this event | Location identification |
|---|---|---|
| JerusalemJerusalem (Old City / City of David) | City and Temple burnedLocation confidence: certain | Pleiades representative point: certain[4] |
| RiblahRibla | ExecutionsLocation confidence: certain | Riblah (Pleiades 431124909): certain[5] |
Claims, evidence and classifications
Each claim is classified on its own. A classification describes the evidence for that specific claim, not for the event as a whole.
The Temple was burned on the seventh day of the fifth month (2 Kgs 25:8).
2 Kings gives the 7th, Jeremiah 52:12 the 10th and Josephus the 1st of the fifth month; Josephus also gives Nebuchadnezzar's eighteenth year (as Jer 52:29 does for the deportation). No external source dates the burning.
Supporting
- Fifth month, seventh day, nineteenth year.[6]Strength: indirect·on 25:8·Claim checked
Challenging
- Fire set to the Temple on the first day of the fifth month, in Nebuchadnezzar's eighteenth year.[7]Strength: direct·Ant. 10.8.5·Claim checked
Research date 2026-10-13
Evidence by type
The same evidence regrouped by kind of source. Each item names the claims it bears on.
Archaeological evidence
None recorded for this event.
Scientific findings
None recorded for this event.
Ancient documents
- Fire set to the Temple on the first day of the fifth month, in Nebuchadnezzar's eighteenth year.[7]Bears on: challenging — “The Temple was burned on the seventh day of the fifth month (2 Kgs 25:…”
Modern news and announcements
None recorded for this event.
Reference works and summaries
None recorded for this event.
Historical disputes and competing reconstructions
Disputed claims: The Temple was burned on the seventh day of the fifth month (2 Kgs 25:8).
Day of the burning: 7th (2 Kgs 25:8), 10th (Jer 52:12) or 1st (Josephus) of Ab
2 Kings; Jeremiah 52; Josephus, Ant. 10.8.5
The texts differ; no external source settles it.[7]
Year: Nebuchadnezzar's 19th (2 Kgs 25:8; Jer 52:12) or 18th (Jer 52:29; Josephus)
R. C. Young (2004): different counting conventions
Jer 52:28–30 numbers the deportations in Babylonian accession-year style (7th, 18th, 23rd years), one less than Kings.[1, 7]
Related passages and events
| From | Relationship | To | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| this event | Same eventhigh · Biblical text | Jeremiah 52:12–27 | Parallel account (tenth day of the month; fuller inventory). |
| this event | Same eventhigh · Biblical text | 2 Chronicles 36:17–20 | Chronicles' summary of the destruction. |
| this event | Thematic parallelmedium · Interpretation | Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2) | The Temple-desolation reading of Jeremiah's seventy years starts here (Zech 1:12; Jerome). |
| this event | Thematic parallelhigh · Biblical text | Daniel 9:2 | "The desolations of Jerusalem" for which Daniel prays. |
| this event | Thematic parallelmedium · Biblical text | Lamentations 1:1–4 | Lament over the desolate city. |
| this event | Followed byhigh · Biblical text | Gedaliah governs from Mizpah and is assassinated (2 Kgs 25:22–26) | Gedaliah was appointed over the remnant. |
Prophetic relationships
No prophecy or proposed-fulfillment relationships have been recorded for this event.
Vision content and interpretations
The symbolic content of a vision is not a historical occurrence. Identifications the text itself makes are marked as such. Every other reading is an interpretation, attributed to its proponents and labelled by approach. Proposed fulfillments await owner review and are never presented as established fact.
Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer 25:11–12; 29:10; read in Dan 9:2) (Jeremiah 25:11–12)
The nations will serve the king of Babylon seventy years; when they are completed Babylon will be punished (Jer 25:11–12) and the exiles visited and returned (29:10). Daniel reads it as seventy years "for the desolations of Jerusalem" (Dan 9:2).
In the text: Later biblical texts apply it differently: 2 Chr 36:21–22 to the land's sabbath rest until the kingdom of Persia and Cyrus's first year; Zech 1:12 (Darius's second year) to "these seventy years" of indignation against Jerusalem; Dan 9:24 extends it to seventy weeks.
Babylonian supremacy: c. 609/605 to 539/538 BC
PreteristHistorical-critical and conservativeMachine-proposedIn owner review queueProponents: S. R. Driver (1900): "the 70 years of the Chaldaean supremacy"; D. Guzik (counting from 605, the first deportation)
Textual reasoning: Jer 25:11 speaks of the nations serving the king of Babylon; 25:12 ends the period with Babylon's punishment. Historical evidence: Babylon fell in Oct 539 (Nabonidus Chronicle) and Cyrus's first Babylonian year began Nisan 538. Objection: 605–539 is 66 years, so "seventy" is taken as round or the end point moved later (Guzik: the period still had "three or four years" to run at Dan 9).[8, 9]
Seventy years → From Babylon's rise over Judah to its fall
Desolation of the Temple: 587/586 to 516/515 BC
PreteristInner-biblical reading (Zechariah); patristicMachine-proposedIn owner review queueProponents: Zechariah 1:12; 7:5 (text, in Darius I's 2nd and 4th years); Jerome ("seventy years for the desolation of the Temple")
Textual reasoning: in Darius I's second year (Zech 1:7, 12) the angel still speaks of "these seventy years" of indignation against Jerusalem, and the Temple was finished in Darius's sixth year (Ezra 6:15). From the destruction (587/586) to the completion (Adar 515) is about 70 years (operator arithmetic). Objection: Jeremiah's own wording is about serving Babylon, not the Temple.[2, 10]
Seventy years → From the Temple's destruction to its rebuilding
The land's sabbaths, ended by Cyrus's decree (Chronicler)
PreteristInner-biblical reading (Chronicles)Machine-proposedIn owner review queueProponents: 2 Chronicles 36:20–22 (text); S. R. Driver (on Dan 9:2 and 9:24); D. Guzik (2 Chronicles 36)
The Chronicler joins Jeremiah's seventy years to the land enjoying its sabbaths (Lev 26:34–35) "until the reign of the kingdom of Persia", and dates Cyrus's proclamation to his first year "that the LORD's word by Jeremiah's mouth might be accomplished". Driver notes that Dan 9:24 develops this sabbatical reading into seventy weeks of years. Guzik: about 490 years of neglected sabbath years left the land owing seventy, collected in the exile; he gives no start or end year.[8, 11]
Seventy years → The land's sabbath rest until Cyrus
Commentary references
Layer: Interpretation. This is commentary, not historical evidence.
Guzik dates the burning to the fifth month, seventh day of Nebuchadnezzar's nineteenth year and refers to Jer 52:17–23 for the inventory.[6]
Unanswered questions and research gaps
- Rabbinic traditions on the 9th of Ab not researched.
Research process
2 logged searches
| Date | Query | Where | Useful |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-13 | Josephus Ant. 10.8.5 | local text | 1 |
| 2026-10-13 | Young 2004 (JETS) | web fetch | 1 |
Sources
- 1.Young, Rodger C.. When Did Jerusalem Fall?. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 47/1 (2004) 21–38. etsjets.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryVerification log
- 2.Parker, Richard A., Dubberstein, Waldo H.. Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C.–A.D. 45 (SAOC 24). University of Chicago Press (Oriental Institute). archive.orgClaim checkedAcademic monographRead through the Internet Archive OCR text of the Oriental Institute PDF; OCR has digit errors (e.g. "589" for 539) checked against context. The 1956 revised edition was not consulted.Verification log
- 3.Lendering, Jona (ed.). ABC 5 (Jerusalem Chronicle / Chronicle of the early years of Nebuchadnezzar) — English translation on Livius.org. Livius.org. www.livius.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textFull translation page read (obverse 1–27, reverse 1′–13′). Cuneiform and the printed editions (Wiseman 1956; Grayson 1975; Glassner 2004) were not consulted directly. Julian equivalents on the page follow Parker & Dubberstein.Verification log
- 4.Pleiades contributors. Ierusalem/Hierosolyma — Pleiades place 687928. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 35.234978, lat 31.7771895.Verification log
- 5.Pleiades contributors. Rablê (Riblah) — Pleiades place 431124909. Pleiades (pleiades.stoa.org). pleiades.stoa.orgClaim checkedInstitutional databaseRepresentative point read from the Pleiades JSON record: lon 36.5491417, lat 34.4321487.Verification log
- 6.Guzik, David. 2 Kings 25 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryInterpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log
- 7.Josephus, Whiston, William (trans.). Josephus, Antiquities 10.6.3, 10.8.2–5, 10.11.2 (trans. W. Whiston). Project Gutenberg #2848. www.gutenberg.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textVerification log
- 8.Driver, S. R.. The Book of Daniel (Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges). Cambridge University Press. archive.orgClaim checkedScholarly commentaryRead through the Internet Archive OCR text (Google scan).Verification log
- 9.Guzik, David. Daniel 9 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryInterpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log
- 10.Jerome, Archer, Gleason L. (trans.). Jerome, Commentary on Daniel (trans. Gleason L. Archer, 1958) — chapter 9. tertullian.org (transcribed by Roger Pearse). www.tertullian.orgClaim checkedAncient primary textVerification log
- 11.Guzik, David. 2 Chronicles 36 — Enduring Word Bible Commentary. Enduring Word. enduringword.comClaim checkedTheological commentaryInterpretive resource — not historical corroboration.Verification log