Directory
Kingdoms and civilizations
- Kingdom of Judah
Southern Israelite kingdom with its capital at Jerusalem.
- Kingdom of Israel (Northern Kingdom)
Northern Israelite kingdom with its capital at Samaria.
- Neo-Babylonian Empire
Babylonian empire of the Chaldean dynasty, from Nabopolassar (626 BC) to the fall of Babylon (539 BC).
- Egypt (Twenty-sixth Dynasty)
Saite dynasty of Egypt, including Necho II.
- Achaemenid Persian Empire
Persian empire founded by Cyrus II.
- Median kingdom (Media)
Iranian kingdom centred on Ecbatana; its last king Astyages was defeated by Cyrus (ABC 7 ii 1–4, year 6 of Nabonidus).
- Macedonian empire of Alexander the Great
The empire of Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC), divided among his successors after his death.
- Seleucid empire
Hellenistic kingdom founded by Seleucus I (era from 312/311 BC), ruling Syria and Mesopotamia; Antiochus IV Epiphanes reigned 175–164 BC.
- Rome (Republic and Empire)
The Roman state, republic and empire; identified with Daniel's fourth kingdom in the traditional Christian reading.
- Ptolemaic kingdom (Egypt)
The Macedonian dynasty founded in Egypt by Ptolemy son of Lagus after Alexander's death (323 BC), ending with Cleopatra VII (30 BC). Most interpreters read it as Daniel 11's "king of the south".
- Edom
Kingdom south-east of Judah descended, in the biblical tradition, from Esau; hostile to Judah after 586 (Obadiah; Ezek 35); later displaced from its heartland by the Nabataeans, its name surviving in Idumaea.
Not yet researched